1. Classification of Non-ferrous Metals and Representation of Product Grades 1. Classification of Non-ferrous Metals (1) Non-ferrous metals are classified into five categories: heavy metals, light metals, precious metals, semi-metals, and rare metals. (2) Non-ferrous alloys according to alloy system: heavy non-ferrous alloys, light non-ferrous metal alloys, precious metal alloys, rare metal alloys, etc.; according to the use of alloys can be divided: deformation (alloys for pressure processing), casting alloys, bearing alloys, printing Alloys, hard alloys, solders, master alloys, metal powders, etc. (3) Non-ferrous materials are classified by chemical composition: copper and copper alloys, aluminum and aluminum alloys, lead and lead alloys, nickel and nickel alloys, titanium and titanium alloys. According to the shape classification, it can be divided into: board, strip, strip, foil, tube, rod, line, type and other varieties. Second, the product brand representation method (1) naming principle Non-ferrous metal and alloy product brand name, the provisions of the Chinese Pinyin letter or international element symbol as the subject word code, indicating its category, such as L or AL aluminum, T Or Cu stands for copper. After the keywords, they are expressed in the numerical order of ingredients combined with the product category. Namely, the code after the keyword can indicate the status, characteristics or main components of the product, such as aluminum (L) alloy with LF being rust-proof (F), aluminum (L) alloy with LD being forged (D), and LY being hard (Y) for the aluminum (L) alloy, the theme for these three alloys is aluminum alloy (L). For example, QSn is a type of tin (Sn) as the main additive element in the green (Q) copper; QAL9-4 is a mixture of aluminum (AL) in the green (Q) copper and the additive element aluminum is 9% in the composition. Other additives The element is 4%. The subject of these two alloys is bronze (Q). Therefore, the product code is represented by the combination of the Chinese Pinyin alphabet, chemical element symbols and Arabic numerals defined in the standard (GB340-78). The status, processing method, and feature code of non-ferrous metals and alloy products are expressed in the specified Hanyu Pinyin letters. Such as thermal processing of R (heat), quenched C (quenched), non-aluminum coated B (not), fine-grained X (fine), etc. However, there are also a few exceptions, such as high-quality surface O (visualization is perfect). §2 Copper and copper alloys 1. Pure copper The pure copper is a rose-red metal. The surface of the copper oxide film forms a purple color. Therefore, industrial pure copper is often called copper or electrolytic copper. The density is 8-9g/cm3 and the melting point is 1083°C. Pure copper has good electrical conductivity and is widely used in the manufacture of wires, cables, brushes, etc.; it has good thermal conductivity and is commonly used to manufacture magnetic instruments and meters that must be resistant to magnetic interference, such as compasses, aviation instruments, etc.; excellent plasticity and easy to heat Pressure and cold pressure processing can be made into tubes, rods, wires, strips, strips, plates, foils and other copper materials. Pure copper products include smelted products and processed products. Second, copper alloy (1) Brass brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. The simpler brass is a copper-zinc binary alloy called simple brass or ordinary brass. Changing brass content in brass can give different mechanical properties to brass. The higher the zinc content in brass, the higher the strength and the lower the plasticity. The amount of zinc contained in brass used in industry does not exceed 45%, and high zinc content will cause brittleness, which will deteriorate the properties of the alloy. In order to improve some of the properties of brass, brass added to other alloying elements on the basis of monolithic brass is called special brass. Commonly used alloying elements are silicon, aluminum, tin, lead, manganese, iron and nickel. Adding aluminum in brass can increase the yield strength and corrosion resistance of brass, slightly reducing the plasticity. Brass containing less than 4% aluminum has good properties such as good processing and casting. Adding 1% tin to brass can significantly improve brass's ability to resist seawater and marine atmospheric corrosion, hence the name "Navy Brass." Tin also improves brass cutting performance. The main purpose of brass plus lead is to improve the cutting processability and improve the wear resistance, lead has little effect on the strength of brass. Manganese brass has good mechanical properties, thermal stability and corrosion resistance; adding aluminum to manganese brass can also improve its performance and obtain smooth surface castings. Brass can be divided into two types of casting and pressure processing products. Commonly processed brass chemical composition. (2) Bronze bronze is an alloy that was used earlier in history and was originally referred to as a copper-tin alloy. It is called bronze because it is a gray-gray color. In order to improve the process performance and mechanical properties of the alloy, most of the bronzes are also alloyed with other alloying elements such as lead, zinc, and phosphorus. Since tin is a scarce element, many tin-free, tin-free bronzes are also used in the industry. They are not only inexpensive but also have the required special properties. Wuxi bronze mainly includes aluminum bronze, beryllium bronze, manganese bronze and silicon bronze. In addition there are more complicated ternary or quaternary bronzes. Copper alloys other than brass and cupronickel (copper-nickel alloys) are now called bronze. Tin bronze has high mechanical properties, good corrosion resistance, anti-friction properties and good casting properties; it has low sensitivity to overheating and gas, good welding performance, no ferromagnetism, and small shrinkage factor. Tin bronze has higher corrosion resistance in atmosphere, seawater, fresh water and steam than brass. Aluminum bronze has higher mechanical properties than tin bronze and is wear-resistant, corrosion-resistant, cold-resistant, heat-resistant, non-ferromagnetic, has good fluidity, and does not tend to segregate, resulting in dense castings. Adding elements such as iron, nickel, and manganese to aluminum bronze can further improve various properties of the alloy. Bronze is also divided into two major categories of pressure processing and casting products. (3) Copper-nickel alloys Nickel-based copper-based alloys are silver white and are called white copper. The copper-nickel binary alloy is called ordinary cupronickel, and the copper-nickel alloy with elements such as manganese, iron, zinc and aluminum is called complex cupronickel, and pure copper plus nickel can significantly improve the strength, corrosion resistance, resistance and thermoelectricity. Industrial copper can be divided into two types: white copper for structural use and white copper for electrical use according to different performance characteristics and applications, which can meet various corrosion resistance and special electrical and thermal properties. Third, copper made of pure copper or copper alloys in various shapes including rods, wires, plates, strips, strips, tubes, foils, etc., are collectively referred to as “摹M?â€é—¹ é—¹ 宀暮 宀暮 宀暮 宀暮 宀暮 醪 醪 醪 模 模 模 模 模 模 模 模 亩 亩 亩 亩 亩 亩 亩 亩 亩 亩 亩 亩 亩 亩 亩 亩 亩 亩 亩 亩 亩 亩 亩 亩 亩 亩 亩 亩 亩 亩 亩 亩摹 amp amp; nbsp; §3 Aluminum and Aluminum Alloy Aluminum is a light metal with a low density (2.79/Cm3). It has good strength and plasticity. Aluminum alloy has good strength. The strength of super-hard aluminum alloy can reach 600Mpa. The tensile strength also reaches 200-450Mpa, and its steel ratio is much higher than that of steel, so it is widely used in machinery manufacturing. Aluminum is second only to silver and copper and ranks third in conductivity for the manufacture of various wires. Aluminum has good thermal conductivity and can be used as a variety of heat dissipation materials. Aluminum also has good corrosion resistance and good plasticity and is suitable for various pressure processing. Aluminum alloy can be divided into deformed aluminum alloy and cast aluminum alloy according to the processing method. Deformed aluminum alloys are divided into non-heat-treatable aluminum alloys and heat-treatable aluminum alloys. Non-heat-treatable type can not improve the mechanical properties through heat treatment, and can only be strengthened through cold processing deformation, it mainly includes high-purity aluminum, industrial high-purity aluminum, industrial pure aluminum and rust-proof aluminum. Heat-treatable aluminum alloys can be improved in mechanical properties by quenching and aging and other heat treatment methods. It can be divided into hard aluminum, wrought aluminum, super hard aluminum and special aluminum alloys. Aluminum alloys can be heat treated to obtain good mechanical properties, physical properties and corrosion resistance. Cast aluminum alloys can be divided into aluminum-silicon alloys, aluminum-copper alloys, aluminum-magnesium alloys, and aluminum-zinc alloys according to chemical composition. I. Pure Aluminum Products Pure aluminum is classified into two categories: smelting products and pressure-processed products. The former is represented by the chemical composition Al, and the latter is expressed by Pinyin LG (aluminum, industrial). Second, pressure processing aluminum alloy aluminum pressure processing products are divided into rust (LF), hard (LY), forging (LD), superhard (LC), coating (LB), special (LT) and brazing ( LQ) and other seven categories. The state of commonly used aluminum alloy materials is three kinds of annealing (M fire), hardening (Y), and hot rolling (R). Third, aluminum aluminum and aluminum alloys processed into a certain shape of the material collectively referred to as aluminum, including plates, belts, foils, tubes, rods, lines, and other types. Fourth, the casting aluminum alloy casting aluminum alloy (ZL) according to the major elements in the composition of aluminum, silicon, copper, magnesium, zinc are divided into four categories, code numbers are respectively 100,200,300,400. 5. High-strength aluminum alloys High-strength aluminum alloys refer to aluminum alloys whose tensile strength is greater than 480 megapascals, and are mainly hard aluminum alloys, superhard aluminum alloys, and cast alloys in press-processed aluminum alloys.