Types of Road Traffic Accidents and Their Main Characteristics

Road traffic accidents refer to the destruction of traffic coordination relations caused by negligence in the highway traffic system and cause direct loss consequences. It includes two types of ordinary road traffic accidents and highway traffic accidents. According to incomplete statistics, since the advent of the bicycle, the number of people who died in road traffic accidents in the world reached more than 32 million, which exceeded the number of deaths in the war of the same period.
I. Types of Highway Traffic Accidents There are various forms of road traffic accidents.
    According to different classification methods, it is divided into the following categories.
(1) Classification of traffic accidents can be classified into four categories: major accidents, major accidents, general accidents and minor accidents according to the hazards of accidents. This classification has different specific standards in different periods.
1. Extraordinary accidents: more than 3 deaths at one time; 11 or more serious injuries; 1 death, 8 or more serious injuries; 2 deaths, and 5 or more serious injuries; property loss of more than 60,000 yuan.
2. Major accidents: 1 to 2 deaths were caused by a single death; 3 to 10 serious injuries were caused; 30,000 yuan or more in property loss was less than 60,000 yuan.
3. General accidents: One serious injury 1 - 2 people; 3 minor injuries; property loss less than 30,000 yuan.
4. Minor accidents: One minor injury was caused by one to two people; property damage was less than 1,000 yuan for motor vehicles and less than 200 yuan for non-motorized vehicles.
(b) Classification according to the occurrence of accidents According to the occurrence of accidents, traffic accidents can be classified into out-of-road accidents, non-collision accidents on roads, and collision accidents on roads. Some further classify collision accidents as: corner collisions, rear-end collisions, frontal collisions, and backward collisions.
(c) According to the classification of the first party to the accident, it can be divided into truck accidents, bus accidents, motorcycle accidents, non-motor vehicle accidents, and pedestrian accidents.
(4) According to the classification of damage results, it can be divided into deadman accidents, wounded accidents, physical damage accidents and mixed accidents.
Second, the classification of road traffic accident injuries Road traffic accidents have serious injuries, occur frequently, are widely distributed and form a complex, so far no systematic and comprehensive injury classification criteria have yet been seen.
The following is a brief introduction to the commonly encountered situation, combined with the characteristics of accident damage.
(A) According to the location of the trauma can be divided into: head injury, chest injury, abdominal injury, pelvic injury, spinal injury, limb injury and so on. If it involves visceral organs, it can be divided into cardiac injury, lung injury, liver injury, spleen injury, gastrointestinal injury, pancreatic injury, and macrovascular injury. If multiple sites are involved, they can be classified systematically, such as nerves, breathing, circulation, digestion, urinary tract, and motor system injuries.
(b) According to the types of road users, the damage can be classified into pedestrian injury, driver injury, injury to the occupant, injury to the cyclist, damage to the bicycle cyclist, injury to the motorcyclist, etc.
(c) According to the classification of injury traits, they are classified as scratches, contusions, traumatic fractures, dislocations, and dismemberment.
(d) According to the degree of damage can be divided into fatal injuries, serious injuries, minor injuries, minor injuries.
1. Fatal injuries: injuries that directly result in death.
2. Severe injuries: severe large areas of avulsion, fractures, vision, hearing loss, visceral rupture, internal bleeding and Other injuries.
3. minor injuries: a certain degree of soft tissue injury, joint dislocation and so on.
4. Slight Injuries: Some minor abrasions and minor bruises to the skin.
(5) According to the damage formation method and the cause of injury, the classification can be divided into impact injury, pressure injury, falling injury, whiplash injury, and damage to the load.
(6) Classification of open and closed injuries according to whether the injury is communicative with the outside world or not. Open injury means that the injury is connected with the outside world. Such damage is heavy and susceptible to infection. Injury is not connected with the outside world, called closed damage. This type of damage to the skin and mucous membranes is complete and lightly contaminated, but is easily missed.
Third, the characteristics of road traffic accidents
(1) The general law of road traffic accidents 1. There are more and more vehicles colliding continuously. As the quality of roads in our country gradually improves, especially the rapid development of highway construction, the driving speed is getting faster and faster. The number of malignant accidents involving multi-vehicle crashes in traffic accidents is increasing, and the malignancy is getting worse.
1. More and more traffic accidents causing deaths of more and more people In recent years, due to increasingly fierce competition in road passenger transport, the number of passenger cars per passenger car is also increasing. Therefore, the number of deaths caused by traffic accidents will increase. a lot of.
2. There are more accidents between 7 o'clock and 14 o'clock and between 16 o'clock and 18 o'clock.
Every year from June to October, the weekend and the end of the year, the number of people injured by motor vehicles is higher. Due to the driver's driving in bad weather, his concentration is particularly concentrated and the speed of driving is slow. Therefore, the incidence of car accidents in rain, snow, snow or fog is lower than that in sunny days. Such as from the investigation of traffic accidents in Shenzhen and Fujian Province:
The incidence of traffic accidents on sunny days was 73.2%~87.2%, 15.2% on cloudy days, 10.8% on rainy days, 0.5% on foggy days, and 0.2% on high winds. And the number of deaths per accident in sunny days was 135, which was the highest of all types of weather. This was related to the paralysis of the drivers and pedestrians on a sunny day.
3. The location of traffic accidents was up to straight routes, which accounted for about 58.1% of the total number of accidents, followed by sharp bends with 12.5%, intersections with 10.0%, steep slopes with 5.7%, and others with 13.7%. However, the number of fatal accidents per 100 accidents in the sharp corners was 136. The highest for each road segment is related to the driver's failure to judge the condition of the road in time. Traffic accidents in urban areas are mostly caused by small cars, accounting for about 47%, followed by vans, buses and trucks.
Cyclists and pedestrians are often the main victims of injuries in accidents. In bicycle accidents, the collision rate between bicycles and motor vehicles was 45.0%. Pedestrians aged 17 and over are high traffic accidents, especially among those aged 36 to 59. The majority of the dead were farmers, which accounted for 52.4% of all deaths.
(II) Performance characteristics of road traffic accident injuries According to statistics, the number of deaths caused by traffic accidents in China ranks first in the world every year. The mortality rate for road traffic accidents was 2.7% to 22.1%. The main cause of death was severe head injury (50% to 70%), followed by hemorrhagic shock (more than 20%) and internal injury (10%). ) The number of deaths before and during rescue operations accounted for 2/3 of the death toll. Among the injured, there are not only the people in the car but also the pedestrians under the car. Their injuries are not exactly the same. Therefore, reasonable and appropriate effective methods should be adopted in emergency rescues to avoid the occurrence of rescue injuries.
Fourth, the main characteristics of highway traffic accidents
(a) The causes of multiple accidents are mostly man-made disasters. Their causes are simpler than those of air crashes and shipwrecks, but their types are much larger. From the analysis of the accident data, the cause of the accident is roughly the following:
1, poor road conditions. Accidents were caused by imperfections in some of the road facilities or due to disrepair. For example, on October 12, 1998, a bus of Shaanxi Xianyang Automobile Co., Ltd. traveled on the road outside the county seat of Ganxian County. Due to the narrowness of the road, there was no protective fence on the roadside canal, and the loose soil on the bank of the canal made it possible to face up. When he arrived, he fell into a canal and exploded and caught fire, killing 43 people.
2, illegal operation. Mainly refers to the accident caused by driver's illegal operation.
3, climate reasons. Due to climatic reasons such as heavy fog, heavy rain, ice and snow, resulting in poor visibility and road slippage caused by the accident.
In addition, there are accidents caused by driver's drunk driving, weak residents' traffic safety awareness, out of control vehicle malfunction, burning and exploding tank car, fire in the compartment and leakage of toxic chemicals in the car.
(b) Frequent crashes, especially road accidents, occur almost instantaneously throughout the world. In the world, an average of 10,000 people each year are killed in car accidents, and one out of every 1,000 cars is killed. The road traffic accident mortality rate was 2.7% to 22.1%. With the rapid development of transportation, the traffic load is increasingly heavy, and the problem of auto accidents will also become increasingly prominent.
Some people estimate that in the 21st century, the number of people killed in car accidents in the world will reach 1 million each year, and the number of disabled people will reach 30 million. Therefore, it is very important to strengthen the research on car accident rescue. However, although the number of car accidents is high, the number of deaths due to the case is relatively small. Unlike the air disasters and sea disasters, the scale of the accident is huge, so the social impact caused by the accident is not serious and the shipwreck is serious.
(3) Chain-linked accidents with strong auto accidents are highly chained. Not only can the vehicles themselves kill people by car, they can also affect all four neighbors and cause harm. When a vehicle collides or subverts, the fuel tank, the engine, and the on-board explosives may explode, and the power and the momentum will increase, causing chain-related disasters to vehicles and facilities in the vicinity.
(4) The social impact of the impact of major auto accidents mainly involves three aspects. The first is that traffic accidents cause traffic disruption and affect the normal order of transportation, which leads to many social and economic problems. Moreover, if the problem of car accidents is not handled properly, it may also lead to a series of social problems. Second, more and more overseas passengers are likely to cause certain international influence. In addition, frequent accidents can also cause public opinion and cause people to lose trust in transportation.