One thing to be cautious about is the presence of certain harmful substances in raw soybean meal, such as antitrypsin, goitrogens, saponins, and hemagglutinin. These compounds can interfere with protein digestion and absorption in the small intestine, especially in yaks, leading to digestive issues like diarrhea. Prolonged feeding of unprocessed soybean meal may also cause pancreatic enlargement and thyroid dysfunction in cattle, which can disrupt overall metabolic processes. Fortunately, these anti-nutritional factors are neutralized when the soybean meal is properly heat-treated, such as by heating it to 110°C for three minutes. However, excessive heat can denature the proteins and reduce the nutritional value, so it's important to strike a balance.
Another factor to consider is the particle size of the soybean meal. If the particles are too fine, they can lead to excessive ammonia production in the cow’s rumen, resulting in protein loss and even ammonia poisoning in severe cases. On the other hand, if the particles are too coarse, they may not be fully digested, reducing the feed’s overall effectiveness. To ensure optimal digestion and nutrient absorption, soybean meal should ideally be processed into a particle size ranging from 0.9 to 2.5 mm in diameter, corresponding to a mesh size of 8 to 20.
Additionally, it’s important to note that raw soybean meal contains urease, an enzyme that breaks down urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide. This means that raw soybean meal should not be mixed with urea, as the reaction could lead to toxic levels of ammonia in the animal’s system. Proper handling and storage of soybean meal are essential to maintain its quality and safety for livestock feeding.
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