Restricted Amino Acid (LAA) refers to the amount of one or more essential amino acids in a given feed or diet that is lower than the animal's requirement, and because of their deficiency, the animal's dependence on other essential and non-essential amino acids is limited. use. Therefore, determining the limiting amino acid (LAA) and meeting the needs of the animal is critical to the growth and production performance of the animal. In fact, the process of studying the amino acid requirements of pigs and poultry is to continuously discover and solve the problem of limiting amino acids in different types of diets. Currently, the limiting amino acids (LAA) that have been identified are lysine (Lys), threonine (Thr), methionine (Met), and tryptophan (Trp). Recent studies have shown that proline (Val) will be the next limiting amino acid in pig and poultry diets. Currently, feed grade proline (Val) is available on the market to provide more opportunities for formulating animal diets that reduce crude protein content and increase amino acid balance. Recently, Dr. Etienne Corrent of the French Institute of Natural Resources (Agro Paris Tech) further elaborated on this.
1 The biological function of
Like lysine (Lys), threonine (Thr), methionine (Met) and tryptophan (Trp), proline (Val) is also an essential and indispensable nutrient for pigs and poultry. Since animals cannot synthesize proline (Val), they must be ingested from the diet to meet the needs of the animal and are therefore essential amino acids. Proline (Val) is the fifth limiting amino acid (LAA) of pigs after tryptophan (Trp), the fourth limiting amino acid (LAA) of broiler after tryptophan (Trp), and for these animals Proline (Val) seems to be a lack of nutrients in terms of minimum requirements. Now, by adding feed grade proline (Val) to the diet, it is possible to technically formulate a diet containing six amino acids that limit animal performance.
Proline (Val), as an essential amino acid, is indispensable for animal growth and reproduction in addition to protein synthesis. Proline (Val) can oxidize energy during special physiological periods, regulate protein turnover of skeletal muscle, improve lactation performance of sows, and affect immune response in pigs. The latest study found that increasing the proline (Val) intake of sows during pregnancy and lactation can significantly improve piglet growth performance, increase sow lactation, and reduce sow weight loss.
2 requirements for piglets
The recommended requirements for valine (Val) in national research institutions are shown in Table 1. The recommended amount is 70% of the standard ileal digestibility (SID) Val: Lys average. In addition to the amount of these recommendations, there are currently few studies on the amount of proline (Val) required.
Table 1 Piglet diet SID Val: Lys recommended need to compare
Country Reference SID Val: Lys
France (FR)
United States (USA)
UK (GB)
Brazil (BR)
Spain (ES)
Denmark (DK) INRA (1994)
NRC (1998)
BSAS (2003)
UPV (2005)
FEDNA (2006)
DSP(2008)70
68
70
69
71
70
To further investigate the need for valine (Val) in piglets, Ajinomoto Eurolysine SAS performed an increased dose response test. A prerequisite is expressed as a relative amount of lysine (Val) relative to lysine (Lys) to ensure that the lysine (Lys) is the second highest performance after valine (Val) in the test diet. A limiting factor and no other essential amino acid deficiency (Boisen, 2003). The effect of lysine (Lys): proline (Val) ratio on the average daily weight gain (ADG) of selected trials was investigated. In most trials, piglets achieve the best performance when the ratio of SID lysine (Lys): valine (Val) is 70% to 75%. For each trial, the statistical model listed in Table 2 was used to determine the SID lysine (Lys): valine (Val) requirement for piglets.
The results were similar in terms of average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The ratios of SID lysine (Lys): valine (Val) were 71%, 73% and 71%. From this it can be concluded that the ratio of 70% SID Lysine (Lys): Proline (Val) is an estimate of the minimum requirement for piglets.
Table 2 Piglets SID determined by each trial Val: Lys requirements
The model used by the model FCR ADGADFIAFCR
Model used FCR
Mavromichalisd4, 2001-Test 5
Barea et al., 2009-a test 4
Barea et al, 2009-b test 4
Dose response GE (a) 2008
Dose Response GE(b)2008
Dose response SP2008
Linear
Line model and curve model
Line model and curve model
Secondary model
Curve Model
Curve model and quadratic model
Average Model
Standard deviation 71%
73%
72%
70%
72%
69%
71%
%
78%
72%
-
71%
-
73%
3.271%
72%
72%
68%
71%
72%
71%
1.4
3 : a limiting amino acid
Due to the different amino acid composition of the feed and the different amounts of amino acids required by the animal, it is possible to produce amino acid restrictions on the performance of the animal. For each animal, the ranking of restricted amino acids and the likelihood of crude protein reduction depend on the ideal amino acid pattern set when formulating the diet and available feed ingredients. Knowing the proline (Val) requirement of the piglet allows you to assess the extent to which proline (Val) limits the growth of the piglet. Barea et al (2009) tested the effects of SID proline (Val) or isoleucine (Ile) and lysine (Lys) ratios in four diets fed from 12 to 25 kg piglets. The ratio of SID proline (Val) to lysine (Lys) increased from 57% to 70% and the ratio of SID isoleucine (Ile) to lysine (Lys) increased from 50% to 60%. The results showed that an increase in proline (Val) (25%) significantly increased the average daily gain (ADG), but the increase in isoleucine (Ile) did not reveal this effect. Therefore, the restriction of proline (Val) is preceded by isoleucine (Ile), and the amount of isoleucine (Ile) may be lower than the actual recommended amount. The conclusions of Mavromichalis et al. (1998), Lordelo et al. (2008) and Barea et al. (2009) confirmed this relatively low isoleucine (Ile) requirement (50% SID Ile: Lys). Recently, Wiltafsky et al. (2009) proposed a SID Ile:Lys requirement, which is 49% to 54% when the isoleucine (Ile) is not excessive (108% SID Leu: Lys), but in isoleucine ( Ile) This requirement may be high when the amount is excessive. In fact, the branched-chain amino acid moiety has a common metabolic pathway that leads to possible interactions between these amino acids.
4 The actual impact of on piglets
Compared with the requirement of 70% SID Val:Lys, the proline (Val) is generally insufficient in the feed of piglets currently fed, and it is necessary to provide the pig with a further Val (Val). Therefore, the addition of L-Valine for feed can improve the performance of piglets. Data from dose response tests indicate that L-Valine can increase average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion (FCR) in piglets. Lordelo et al. (2008) showed that the effect of L-Valine with or without L-Valine on the reduction of crude protein (CP) in 7-23 kg piglets showed that high dietary CP levels were included in the control diet ( 20.5%). The addition of L-Valine reduced the dietary CP by 3.5 percentage points without adversely affecting production performance. In addition, reducing dietary CP can also significantly reduce the incidence of diarrhea and nitrogen excretion.
5 dose response study of
Studies have shown that in wheat or barley-based broiler diets (de Blas, 2008) and in corn-based broiler diets (Fernandez et al., 1994), proline (Val) is also a restriction. Amino acid. Recently, Corzo et al. (2007) added several separate amino acids (L-valine, L-isoleucine, L-arginine or L-glycine) to a corn-soybean meal diet that reduced CP content. The effect of production performance on broilers aged 21 to 42 days. As a result, the addition of proline (Val) gave the best improvement in broiler performance. In the same study, the dose response to Val:Lys was investigated. The curvilinear-plateau model was used to describe the weight gain response and the attractiveness was determined to be 81% SID Val: Lys. The same response was reported for FCR and breast meat (weight and yield). These results are consistent with NRC (1994), Mack et al (1999), and Schutte et al (1999) suggesting that the recommended requirements for 82%, 81%, and 80% Val: Lys (SID), respectively.
6 Conclusion
In recent years, the influence and importance of proline (Val) on the performance of livestock and poultry has attracted extensive attention and has been studied in depth. Studies have shown that the lack of proline (Val) in the diet can seriously affect the performance of pigs and broilers. Therefore, this essential amino acid must be carefully monitored in the feed industry to avoid the production performance of pigs and broilers due to insufficient proline (Val) content in the feed.
Studies have shown that proline (Val) is important for lactating sows. Increasing the level of proline (Val) in the feed can increase the milk production and increase the weight gain of the piglets. This is especially true for sows with more than 10 weaned piglets. The amount of proline (Val) required is much higher than the recommended standard for feeding standards and is related to the level of lysine (Lys). When the level of lysine (Lys) in the feed exceeds 0.8%, proline (Val) will become the first limiting amino acid in the feed of lactating sows.
According to the study, the minimum requirement for valine (Val) in piglets is 70% SID Val : Lys and 80% for broilers. Today, the usefulness of feed grade L-proline meets the need for proline (Val) without increasing the level of crude protein in the diet, which helps to reduce adverse health and environmental effects. In addition, L-valine provides an opportunity to increase feed lysine levels, while the ideal amino acid model ensures a strong increase in production performance.
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