The premixed feed is a homogeneous mixture of a plurality of additives of the same type or a plurality of different types of additives prepared in a certain ratio. Although the proportion of premixed feed in the full-price feed is small, it plays an extremely important role in the feeding effect of the full-price feed. The scientific premix feed formulation is the key to premix production. To produce high-quality premixes, not only scientific formulas, but also high-quality raw materials, sophisticated equipment and a complete set of management measures are required. Premix is ​​not a simple commodity, but a technology with extremely high technical content. It is a comprehensive reflection of raw material quality testing, nutritional formula design, and livestock and poultry management. In order to further promote and popularize premixed feed technology, this paper briefly describes the production technology and use of premixed feed.
1. The purpose, characteristics and role of feed production
The purpose of the premix is ​​to dilute and expand the trace component additives, and the active ingredients are uniformly dispersed in the compound feed. The premix can be produced by a manufacturer specializing in the manufacture of such products, or it can be produced in a special production workshop attached to the compound feed mill. The premix has the following characteristics: 1 The composition is complicated. Good quality premixes generally include 6 or 7 trace elements, 15 or more vitamins, 2 amino acids, 1 or 2 drugs and other additives (antioxidants and mildew inhibitors), and the nature of various feed additives. And the role is different, the compatibility relationship is complex; 2 less dosage, large effect. Generally, the ratio of premix to compound feed is 0.5% to 5%. Although the dosage is small, it has a great effect on the improvement of animal production performance, improvement of feed conversion rate and preservation of feed; 3 can not be directly fed. The concentration of the active ingredient of the additive in the premix is ​​very high, generally tens to hundreds of times the amount of animal requirement, and if it is directly fed, it is easy to cause animal poisoning.
The premix has four main functions: 1 to make the trace components of the additive evenly distributed in the compounded feed; 2 to compensate and improve the undesired characteristics of the trace components, such as instability, water absorption, and static electricity, by the premixing process. Adsorption phenomenon, etc.; 3 standardize the level of additive addition; 4 simplify the production process of general feed mills and reduce investment.
2. Technical points for the production of
2.1 Using advanced formula
The premixed feed formula is the core of the production technology. It is the animal nutrition expert of the special premix manufacturer. According to the nutritional needs of the animal growth and production stages, according to the basic nutrient content of the domestic feed ingredients, what is missing, The principle of economic rationality, low value and high efficiency is carefully designed, taking into account many factors such as the external environment and processing technology. On the one hand, combined with nutritional needs, user feeding levels and conditions to select appropriate and appropriate amount of additive raw materials; on the other hand, we must consider the processing needs, for most of the components that do not affect safety, such as nutritional additives, master the right amount is the formulation technology key. The amount and usage of drug-based feed additives and certain sensitive ingredients (such as selenium, copper, etc.) must have sufficient scientific basis and necessary practical experience. Otherwise, errors and serious consequences will occur. The ratio of raw materials is an important factor affecting the quality of premixed products. The ratio of active ingredients to diluents in the premix, the ratio between various trace elements, and the ratio between related active ingredients should be just right. The formula should not be static. The formula should be adjusted according to market feedback, local conditions, seasonal changes, latest technology and product information. It is rigorous and flexible, and always makes the premixed products close to the national conditions and production. actual.
2.2 Selection of high-quality raw materials
The quality of the raw materials has a great influence on the actual effect of the premix. The most basic requirement for high-quality raw materials is high purity and no toxic and harmful substances. The most important one is the active ingredient content, especially the easily destroyed vitamin A and vitamin C. Such additives should be determined after actual measurement. Trace element compound raw materials must have the characteristics of high biological potency, stable physical properties and less toxic and harmful substances. In addition, some additives, its own quality and dosage form are easy to affect other additives, and should also pay special attention. For example, ferrous sulfate heptahydrate has strong hygroscopicity and is highly destructive to vitamin A. The effect of ferrous sulfate monohydrate on vitamin A is small. If a protective agent is added, the effect is smaller and the effect itself is smaller. Very active. Manufacturers producing premixes should use high-quality raw materials to accurately measure the quality and potency of raw materials. When choosing vitamins, you should pay attention to two points: 1 choose high biological value; 2 choose different vitamins according to climate characteristics, such as damp heat in summer, choose thiamine monoamine to be better than thiamine hydrochloride. When selecting trace element raw materials, factors such as the content of the components, particle size, water of crystallization and the content of toxic and harmful substances should be considered. For pharmaceutical feed additives, attention should also be paid to safety issues. When using them, be sure to fully understand their use period, withdrawal period and precautions according to the instructions and the test materials provided by the manufacturer.
2.3 Using the best carrier and thinner
The carrier is a microparticle that carries or adsorbs a small amount of active ingredient, which is an inactive substance in the premix. The choice of carrier should follow the following principles: strong chemical stability, no damage to the adsorbate; moderate particle size, good mixing with full-price feed; low price. The particle size of the carrier should be between 0.177 and 0.59 mm; the density should be similar to the density of the trace components carried by the carrier. The carrier density in the composite premix should be the average of the density of each component; when mixing the carrier and the additive, add 1.5% vegetable oil can improve the adhesion of the carrier; the water content of the carrier should be controlled at 8% to 10%, the carrier can not damage the activity of the active ingredient; the pH of the carrier is close to neutral. Commonly used carriers are: shell powder, wheat bran, corn, lotus root starch, defatted rice bran, stone powder, zeolite powder, salt and the like. The diluent is a component which lowers the concentration of the active material in the premix and separates the trace particles from each other. It is an inactive substance like the carrier, and plays a role in reducing the reaction between the active ingredients and contributing to the stabilization of the active ingredient. The requirement for the diluent is: the water content of the diluent should be less than 10%, no moisture absorption, no agglomeration; the particle size requirement is between 0.05 and 0.6 mm; the surface should be smooth and have good fluidity; pH ​​value requirement Between 5.5 and 7.5, no static charge; must be edible, harmless and stable.
2.4 Raw material pretreatment
Vitamins are susceptible to oxygen, moisture, heat, light, metal ions and other factors that reduce their activity. In order to meet the requirements of the production process, all vitamin additives must be specially pretreated to maintain their stability and activity. The emulsification technique can be used to form microparticles, uniformly dispersed in the matrix, and then coated with a gelatin-coated microparticle to form a microcapsule. The particles thus treated are resistant to mechanical operations, have good oxidation resistance, and have good mixing performance. Trace element additives mainly refer to mineral salts and oxides of copper, iron, manganese, zinc and the like. Some of these compounds have poor water solubility, some are easy to absorb moisture and moisture, and must be properly pretreated before application to change some of their physical properties to meet the processing requirements and ensure product quality. The pretreatment techniques used mainly include drying treatment, addition of anti-caking agent, coating coating, fine granulation, pre-crushing and the like.
2.5 Using high-precision production equipment
The scientific formula should be realized by precise metering ingredients. To ensure accurate ingredients according to the formula requirements, it is necessary to have advanced measuring equipment and reasonable technology. The accuracy and stability of premixing equipment for all kinds of metering equipment are There are high requirements, so the equipment should be strengthened and regularly calibrated. For drugs with small additions that affect safety, such as selenium, high copper and other additives, special care should be taken in metering and dilution. The mixer is the most important equipment for making premixes. Different premix types need to choose different mixer equipment, such as gravity-free particle machine, cone mixer, double-spiral belt mixer, and double-axis paddle. Mixers and fast residue-free mixers. Under normal circumstances, the requirements of the mixer are: 1 high mixing efficiency, shortest mixing time; 2 high mixing uniformity; 3 reasonable structure, low residual in the machine and easy to be removed; 4 convenient for loading and unloading; 5 sealing performance Good, less material leakage; 6 anti-static.
2.6 Mixed and uniform
Although feed mixing is only a physical process, due to the obvious difference in characteristics such as raw material density, it is necessary to scientifically select equipment, mixing time and a suitable carrier or diluent. The process flow is as simple as possible and strives to be evenly mixed. For high-quality premixes, all components should be evenly distributed. Take a sample test at random. The ratio between the components should be consistent with the formulation. However, due to various factors, there will be differences between different samplings and between batches. Poor uniformity of the premix means that the actual intake of the animal does not match the supply specified by the formula, which directly affects the additive effect and the feeding effect of the compound feed, especially for some safe doses and toxic doses. In the case of trace components, poor uniformity may result in unsafe use, so uniformity is an important quality indicator for premixes. The index for measuring uniformity is the mixing uniformity, expressed by the coefficient of variation. The coefficient of variation of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs shall be less than 7%.
2.7 Introducing HACCP Management System
Today, the importance of meat safety is becoming more and more important. The introduction of HACCP management system in premix production is very necessary. Firstly, the hazard factors that may occur during the production and processing of feeds should be analyzed, the key control points should be determined accordingly, and the control standards should be established, and then practical and effective control measures should be implemented to establish testing methods and procedures to detect in time whether the control measures and the established standards are Deviation, effective corrective measures, timely adjustment of production processing and control methods, and full verification of the HACCP system. The implementation of HACCP can improve the quality control awareness and quality control level of premix manufacturers, and will definitely promote the overall improvement of premix production levels.
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