First, set up a warning zone and implement traffic control
Strengthen the first power volume dispatch, the first batch of leakage accidents will be based on the second-level fire alarm, and dispatch 4 to 6 water tanks, foam cars, 1 to 2 rescue vehicles, and detachment command vehicles to the scene; meanwhile, according to the actual situation on site The situation includes whether the gas is toxic and harmful, flammable and explosive, and whether it leaks, determine the accident hazard level, timely mobilize public security, electricity, water, environmental protection, gas, factory technicians, chemical experts, etc., to the scene to participate in the disposal, must Implement the principle of "unified command." After the fire department arrives at the scene, understand the danger according to the transport medium, set the corresponding warning area; eliminate all fire sources around the leak area, including all open flames, electric fires, and pay attention to disposal of potential fires such as static sparks, friction sparks, etc. In order to prevent accidental leakage and cause explosion; personnel in the organization of the leakage area shall evacuate to the windward direction. In addition to the personnel necessary for emergency disposal, other personnel shall be evacuated promptly to prevent unnecessary injury or death caused by personnel poisoning and sudden explosion.
Second, find out the situation on the spot, seek truth from facts and take countermeasures
Grasp the wind direction, wind speed, topography and the extent of oil and gas diffusion. After the first power output of the fire department arrives at the scene, do not blindly enter the scene. The fire truck should stop in the upwind direction 150 meters away from the accident site; it is strictly forbidden to enter the scene directly. If the vehicle is driving to an accident, it must be farther in the downwind direction. At the same time, in actual disposal, the fire-fighting vehicle should be placed in the upwind or crosswind direction. In special cases, it can be flexibly adjusted according to the terrain. The driver-in-chief should first inform the insider (the tanker driver or the escort) about the physical and chemical properties, reserves, leaks, etc. of the media transported by the tanker, and determine the disposal plan based on some information available on the way. If the tanker driver or escort should escape from the accident or be injured and sent to the hospital, if you can't directly understand the hazardous chemicals in the tanker, you can directly understand the tanker through the tank wall phone number or the tank car license plate and nameplate. The medium transported inside.
Third, the investigation
Detection is the primary link in the handling of chemical disasters. When dealing with chemical disasters, it is necessary to strengthen the detection and detection process, and use the testing instruments to detect the accidents at the accident site. Most of the tankers may not have MSDS carrying dangerous chemicals at all. Maybe they don’t know what the inside of the tank is. Material), gas concentration and diffusion range, and dynamic monitoring. According to different disaster situations, a number of reconnaissance teams were dispatched to conduct reconnaissance on the scene of the accident. The reconnaissance team consisted of two or three people (one of whom was a technical staff member). First, for unidentified hazardous chemicals, samples should be taken immediately, sent to the laboratory for testing and analysis, to determine the name and composition, and at the same time, according to the testing instruments, determine the type, concentration and diffusion range of the leaked substances; second, the leakage of dangerous chemicals of known properties. The flammable gas detector can be used to determine the danger range and pollution range; the third is to detect the situation of the trapped person, and the personnel are trapped; the fourth is to detect the leakage, determine the location of the leak (container, pipeline, valve, flange), the cause of the leak The degree of leakage; the fifth is the reconnaissance environment, the identification of offensive and defensive routes, positions; the sixth is to measure wind direction, wind speed and other meteorological data.
Fourth, strengthen protection
When a firefighter arrives at the scene, he must not venture into the vicinity of the source of the accident. He must make a correct judgment on the danger of the accident site and fully implement the safety protection measures before proceeding with full action. Into the scene of the accident, wear an inspiratory respirator, the firefighter underwear that enters the internal task of closing the valve or plugging the leak must be pure cotton, with a gas-tight chemical protective suit or other types of chemical protective clothing. The commander should accurately assess the danger at the scene of the accident. All the personnel should grasp the source of danger and the degree of harm. Take effective measures such as poison control and explosion suppression. They must take into account the life safety of officers and men, and must not blindly enter and pay an unnecessary price.
V. Disposal
For different chemical disaster accidents, the disposal methods include: shutting off the valve, transferring the tank, emergency plugging, cooling explosion, water injection, spray dilution, ignition, and recovery. At the same time as disposal, insist on saving people first. The second is to shut off the valve, transfer the tank, and implement the plugging. If it is flammable and explosive, it should be ignited. For some toxic substances that cannot be ignited, they should be transported for harmless treatment.
(1) Plugging
For tanks or pressurized flammable gas tankers, the location of the leak should first be determined. If the leak point is located downstream of the valve, the valve upstream of the leak should be quickly closed. If the valve is not reliable when it is turned off, a valve upstream of the valve can be closed. If the leak point is upstream of the valve, it is a leak before the valve. At this time, according to the meteorological situation, the leakage point should be approached from the upwind direction, and the pressure plugging should be implemented. The plugging and rescue should be carried out under the cover of spray water guns and foams. The personnel involved in plugging should be fine and less, and the safety factor of plugging and leaking should be increased. According to the different leakage points of tankers, different methods of plugging (closed valve leakage method, plugging sealant, etc.) are adopted. When the plugging is not completed, it is necessary to strengthen the water gun cover, excavate the evacuation ditch, and cover the dangerous goods flowing on the road to prevent the accident range from expanding.
(2) timely pouring liquid and transferring dangerous goods
If the leak is serious and it is impossible to stop the leak, the tank should be drained in time to transfer the dangerous goods to a safe place to minimize the amount of leakage. The handling of tank trucks should be strengthened. When lifting the tanker, it must work closely with the crane driver. The water gun will impact the friction between the wire rope and the car body to prevent sparks and cover other parts of the car body with foam. When the tank accident vehicle was towed off the scene, the tanker was covered with foam and fire trucks were followed to prevent problems in the haulage.
(3) Spraying water jets to accelerate diffusion
For gas that has leaked, water should be sprayed to disperse the dangerous goods in the gas to accelerate its spread to safety and prevent poisoning and explosion of personnel on site. If necessary, water vapor can be turned on to disperse and dilute. For dilution, disperse and diffuse oil and gas. A certain number of spray water guns should be organized to dilute and disperse the oil and gas, which is dissipated by the upward wind and downward to the safe area. The dilution cannot be flushed out with strong water. At the same time, we must also pay attention to dilute the oil and gas in the gutters, sewers and cable telecommunications trenches with water.
When disposing of hazardous chemicals, take measures to prevent dangerous chemicals from flowing into the gullies, sewers and rivers.
Six, decontamination
After a chemical accident, the roads and water sources at the scene of the accident and nearby may be seriously polluted. If it is not washed out in time, the pollution will spread rapidly and cause more harm.
(1) Physical washing and subtraction method
   Mainly use natural conditions such as ventilation, sun and rain, so that the poisons are evaporated and hydrolyzed by themselves, so that the poisons gradually reduce the toxicity or are gradually destroyed and lose the toxicity. Soak in water or boil, or directly wash the infected body with a large amount of water. Cotton yarn, gauze, etc. can be immersed in a solvent such as gasoline, kerosene and alcohol to dissolve and wash away the poison on the surface of the infected body, and to close or bury the liquid and solid pollution sources. But burying must add a lot of bleaching powder. The advantage of the physical decontamination method is that it is convenient to handle and easy to implement.
(2) Chemical washing and subtraction method
The chemical decontamination method utilizes a chemical reaction between a decontaminant and a poison source or an infected body to produce a non-toxic or very toxic product. It has the characteristics of thorough disinfection and good environmental protection, but attention should be paid to decontaminants and poisons. Whether the chemical reaction produces new toxic substances and prevents recurrence of reactions. In the chemical decontamination of chemical accidents, equipment and equipment are required to be used, and the consumption of large amounts of decontaminants is relatively high. In the actual decontamination, the chemical and physical methods are generally used at the same time. In order to make the decontaminant function effectively in chemical emergencies, the choice of decontaminant must conform to the "washing speed is fast and the decontamination effect is thorough." The decontamination agent is used in a small amount, the price is low, and the decontaminating agent itself does not cause corrosion damage to personnel equipment." The chemical washing method mainly includes methods such as neutralization, redox method, and catalytic method.
1. The neutralization method uses the principle of acid-base neutralization reaction to eliminate poisons. Strong acid (sulfuric acid H2SO4, hydrochloric acid HCI, nitric acid HNO3) can be used as a neutralizing decontaminant with 5-10% sodium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate, calcium hydroxide, etc., or ammonia water, but the ammonia itself is irritating. Please pay attention to the concentration control when using. On the other hand, if a large amount of alkaline substances leak (such as ammonia leakage), neutralize with acidic substances, but the concentration of the decontaminant solution must also be controlled, otherwise it will cause harm. After the neutralization is completed, the residue is still needed. Rinse with plenty of water.
   2, redox method: the use of decontaminants and poisons redox reaction, the poisonous and long-lasting oily liquid poisons are washed away, such decontaminants such as bleaching powder (active ingredient is calcium hypochlorite), triad Second (its properties are similar to bleaching powder), but the bleaching powder contains less hypochlorite, more impurities, lower effective chlorine, and less disinfectant performance than three-in-two, but it is easy to manufacture and low in price. If the chlorine gas cylinder leaks, the leaking cylinder can be placed in the lime water tank, and the chlorine gas reacts to form calcium chloride, which can eliminate the harm of chlorine to the personnel and environmental pollution. Combustion can also be used to destroy the toxicity of poisons. This method can be used for facilities and articles that are of little value or can still be used after fire, but may cause air pollution in the vicinity and downwind direction due to the volatilization of poisons. Therefore, we must take care to take personal protection.
   3. Catalytic method: The chemical reaction in which the poison is accelerated to change into a non-toxic or low-toxic substance in the presence of a catalyst. Some toxic pesticides (including the more toxic phosphorus-containing pesticides), the hydrolysis products are non-toxic, but the reaction rate is very slow, the addition of some catalysts can promote the hydrolysis, and the hydrolysis can be catalyzed by the use of pesticides and alkaline substances. Therefore, the causative agent caused by the pesticide can be washed away with an alkali water or an alkali solution.
(3) Common poisons and their neutralizers (see table below)
| Gas name | Neutralizer | Gas name | Neutralizer |
| Ammonia | Water, weakly acidic solution | Methyl chloride | ammonia |
| Chlorine gas | Nitrogen and its aqueous solution, alkaline solution such as soda, ammonia or ammonia 10% | liquefied petroleum gas | a lot of water |
| Carbon monoxide | Soda and other alkaline solutions | Ammonia cyanide | Soda and other alkaline solutions |
| Hydrogen chloride | Alkaline solution such as water and soda | Hydrogen sulfide | Soda and other alkaline solutions |
| Phosgene | Alkaline solution such as soda or calcium carbonate | fluorine | water |
(4) Objects of decontamination
After a chemical accident, the most effective way to eliminate the impact of the disaster is to eliminate it. The scope of the decontamination includes comprehensive decontamination of the contaminated object when the rescue operation permits, and all rescued personnel from the contaminated area. Comprehensive decontamination, comprehensive decontamination of all the combatants from the contaminated area, comprehensive decontamination of all vehicles and equipment from the contaminated area, comprehensive decontamination of the entire accident area, but also Defence suits and combat suits and anti-virus facilities, testing instruments and equipment used by the combatants will be decontaminated.
1. Drug abusers and equipment decontamination
   The method of decontamination is to open a fixed decontamination station and implement a motorized decontamination. The fixed decontamination station is generally located in a non-polluting location that facilitates the arrival of contaminated objects, and is as close as possible to the water source. It is mainly used when the number of large-scale decontamination tasks is heavy. The motorized decontamination is mainly used for the personnel who need urgent treatment. method. If the decontamination tent is used, the people who are seriously polluted by the fire-fighting and rescue missions should be decontaminated in time. It has the advantages of flexibility and convenience. Generally, a large amount of clean hot water can be used, and common public decontamination tents and combatant personal decontamination tents can be used. Professional decontamination equipment such as high-pressure cleaners are used to decontaminate personnel. If a serious chemical accident occurs, only the ordinary clean water can not achieve the effect of decontamination, you can add disinfectant to wash away, if there is no disinfectant, you can also use soap to wipe the body, the place where people should be decontaminated must be sealed There is a person responsible for testing the decontamination of personnel in accordance with the order of the wounded, maternal and child, old age and young adults. The object of decontamination is the equipment of the poisoned vehicle, including the clothes and testing instruments of the participating personnel. The washing and dismantling of the vehicle can be used for high-pressure washing machines and high-pressure water guns. Perform top-down, in-and-out, and front-to-back cleaning. No professional equipment can be used to clean, soak, scouring, daylighting, etc. with water or disinfectant. Persons and equipment that have been decontaminated must be tested before they can leave. Otherwise, the infected object needs to be re-washed until the test passes.
2. Poisoning of poisonous sources and contaminated areas
   After the occurrence of a hazardous chemical disaster, it is necessary to promptly eliminate the dangerous substances. It is necessary not only to organize the rescue force in time to implement the plugging or the transfer of the spilled parts, but also to eliminate the dangerous sources and contaminated areas. Decontamination can only be carried out after the release of toxic substances has been controlled. The choice of the decontamination method is determined according to the nature of the poison and the situation on the spot. The decontamination of the accident site sometimes needs to be repeated several times, and the disinfection standard can be stopped by the detection to stop the decontamination operation.
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