Seed vigor is an indicator for evaluating the emergence potential of crop seeds in the field, which is more direct and more reliable than the standard germination rate. Since the implementation of the “Key Technology Research and Demonstration of Key Crops for High-Active Seed Production in Major Crops†project since 2013, the vigor of seed samples promoted by China's major crops such as corn, rice, wheat and cotton has been tested for two consecutive years. Its field emergence potential. These data not only help breeders screen high-vigor breeds and germplasm, but also help farmers to identify good varieties when they buy seeds. Spring cultivation is just around the corner. This edition extracts the research results of the project sub-project “2014 China's main crop seed field seedling potential investigation reportâ€, and uses big data to help farmers purchase good varieties. --editor
At present, China's sales of commercial seeds only stipulates four major indicators of germination rate, moisture, clarity and purity in the national inspection standards, but does not make any form of description and requirements on the seed vigor indicators affecting agricultural production. Seed vigor is an important indicator of seed quality, which determines the emergence of seeds in the field. High-vigorous seeds have high germination rate, neat and rapid emergence, and strong resistance to adverse environments. At the same time, seed vigor will continue to affect the late growth and final yield and quality of the plants. The lag of seed vigor research is an important reason why China's seed quality generally lags behind developed countries. In view of this, the Ministry of Agriculture launched the National Public Welfare Industry (Agriculture) Research Project “Research and Demonstration of Key Technologies for High-Active Seed Production of Main Crops†in 2013.
As a sub-project of the project, the project team collected 1401 seed samples from the main crop production areas in China in the form of market purchase in 2014. The standard germination test and various stress germination tests were carried out in accordance with the 1995 national seed germination test protocol. Its field emergence potential.
corn
[Results] A total of 466 corn seed samples of 398 popular varieties produced in 2013 were collected nationwide. Covering five areas of Huanghuaihai, North China, Southwest China, Northeast China and Northwest China, the coverage rate of varieties is higher than 90%. The standard germination test was carried out according to the national seed germination test procedure. The germination rate of 266 seed samples was between 60% and 100%, with an average of 92%. The seed samples with germination rate ≥85% had 254 samples, accounting for 96%. The average seedling rate under field conditions was 86%, and ≥85% of the seed samples were 232.
[Analysis] The collection of the same variety is different, and the seed quality is different. Taking Zhengdan 958 and Xianyu 335 as examples, five samples (represented by ZD1, ZD2, ZD3, ZD4, and ZD5) and three (expressed by XY1, XY2, and XY3) were collected. From the point of "Zhengdan 958", the germination rate of ZD1-5 was ≥85%, ≥90%, ≥85%, ≥90%, no (sell), and the germination rate was 88% and 98%, respectively. 92%, 97% and 87%; from the "Xianyu 335", the germination rate of XY1-3 mark was ≥92%, ≥92%, ≥85%, and the detection germination rate was 96%, 93%, 89 respectively. %. Except for ZD5, which is a sample for sale, the other samples are all qualified samples, and the quality of the sample packaged by the grain is better than that of the sample by weight. In addition, there are still significant differences in the germination rate of different companies of the same variety.
[Problem] The phenomenon of corn seed market sales: 1 There is no strong bill (invoice) for seed purchase, and it is difficult to trace responsibility for seed quality problems; 2 Bulk seeds are flooding the market, there are mainly varieties without packaging, variety name and real There are three types of inconsistent varieties and no variety names or packaging. Three parts of seed production enterprises have new and old seed mixed, old seeds for new packaging or directly put new labels on old packaging to continue sales, and the new label information and original There is even a completely different information on the package bag; 4 the package label says “See the seal in the production yearâ€, but there is no production date on the entire package; 5 The package identification information is unclear and easy to mislead consumers; 6 The seeds of network sales The source is complex, the form is diverse, and the supervision is difficult; 7 there are many types of grain or by weight, and there are many types of packaging of the same variety.
Issues worthy of attention and consideration: 1 Compared with the past, some corn seed production enterprises have a downward trend in the germination rate of packaging labels. For example, the germination rate of packaging labels of some varieties in the past is ≥92%, but the label germination was purchased from Beijing in 2014. The product of this variety with a rate of ≥ 85% and an increase in shelf life index. 2 Combining the seed quality research data of corn samples collected in the past 3 years, from the germination rate index, the quality of corn seeds in China is on the rise, so it is worth considering whether to gradually increase the germination rate of corn seeds in China. 3 In recent years, there has been a phenomenon of overproduction of corn seeds in China. From this survey, it is found that the proportion of corn seed samples collected in the country in 2014 is relatively large in Gansu, taking Huanghuaihai, North China and Southwest China as examples. 85% of the samples collected in the district are planted in Gansu. Therefore, it is worthwhile to establish a seed information platform with Gansu as the core, and to co-ordinate the seed production of corn seeds in China, so as to effectively solve the problem of excessive seed production. 4 It is necessary to further improve the supervision level of seed quality, improve seed after-sales service, create a level playing field, and increase the popularization of agricultural knowledge related to seed quality.
Rice
[Results] 351 promotional varieties from 14 provinces including Hubei, Zhejiang, Guangxi, Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hainan, Fujian, Guangdong, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, and Sichuan were collected nationwide. There are 390 seed samples with 90% coverage, including 81 regular rice and 309 hybrid rice. The standard germination test and the stress germination test were carried out according to the national seed germination test protocol. The average germination rate of 390 rice seed samples was 81%, and the average germination potential was 76%. Under salt stress, simulated drought stress, artificial aging, field conditions The average germination rate is 57%, 35%,
64%, 56%.
[Analysis] Different types have different quality and vitality status. The average germination rate of 81 conventional rice seed samples was 85%, and the seed samples with germination rate ≥85% were 59, which was 73% in accordance with the national germination standard (85%); the average germination potential was 79%, and the germination potential was ≥ 38% of the 85% seed samples. The average germination rate of 309 hybrid rice seed samples was 80%, and the seed germination rate ≥80% was 213, which was 69% in accordance with the national germination standard (80%); the average germination potential was 76%, and the germination potential was ≥ There are 162 parts of 80% of the seed samples.
There are also differences in quality and vitality depending on the place of production. For example, the seed germination potential, standard germination rate and field seedling rate of the two-line hybrid rice “Fengliangyou No.1†produced in Guangdong were 86%, 86%, and 53%, respectively. The seeds of this variety produced in Jiangsu seed production area were germinated. The potential, standard germination rate and field seedling rate were 77%, 81%, and 37%, respectively. Therefore, the quality of this variety in Guangdong is better than that of Jiangsu seed production. For example, the seed germination potential, standard germination rate and field seedling rate of the indica-type three-line hybrid rice “Zhexiangyou 18†produced in Sichuan were 82%, 87%, and 76%, respectively, and the seeds of the variety produced in the Anhui seed production area. The germination potential, standard germination rate, and field seedling rate were 79%, 82%, and 70%, respectively. Therefore, the quality of this variety in Sichuan is better than that of Anhui seed production.
[Question] The rice seed samples collected in this survey were mainly purchased through the seed market, reflecting the authenticity of the farmers' purchase process. However, during the collection process, it was found that the deck of rice seeds was more serious. Even in some areas, uncertified varieties were also sold, and it was impossible to avoid the purchase of Chen seeds, that is, replacing the old ones with new ones. package. Therefore, in the process of collecting samples in the future, we should consider the products of large enterprise products or enterprises with good reputation as much as possible to ensure the authenticity of the samples. It is generally believed that there is no problem in the germination rate of hybrid rice seeds sold on the market, but from our test results, the pass rate of conventional rice and hybrid rice seed samples is about 70%. In the process of seed quality testing, we found that the bud potential of rice seeds can better reflect the quality of the seeds. According to the seed test protocol, the germination rate of rice seeds takes 14 days to measure, and the time is too long. However, if the detection index of the shoot potential is used, the time required is greatly shortened, and it takes only 5 days. Therefore, in order to ensure the quality of rice seeds, it is recommended that the bud potential of conventional rice seeds reach 85% and above, and the germination potential of hybrid rice seeds reaches 80% and above.
wheat
[Results] A total of 54 spring wheat samples and 265 winter wheat samples were collected nationwide in 2013. 54 spring wheat samples, a total of 47 wheat varieties. The standard germination test and the stress germination test were carried out according to the national seed germination test procedure. The average germination rate of 54 spring wheat samples was 86%, the average germination potential was 82%, and the seed germination rate ≥85% was 34, which was in line with the national germination. The standard (85%) ratio is 63%. At present, the seeding amount of spring wheat seeds is about 25 kg, and its vigor is relatively low compared with winter wheat seeds.
The average germination rate of seeds of 265 winter wheat samples was 93%, and the seed samples with germination rate ≥85% had 244 samples, which accounted for 92% of the national germination standards (85%), but in adversity (drought, saline, alkalinity, aging) Under the condition, the germination rate of wheat seeds decreased significantly. Screening the varieties or resources that performed well under adverse conditions could greatly increase the field emergence rate of wheat seeds and reduce the amount of sowing, which has important practical significance for ensuring the safety of staple food.
[Analysis] The same wheat varieties were collected from different sources, and the seed quality was also different. In this sample collection, 11 "short anti-58", 9 "Zhoumai 22", 6 "Jimai 22", and 7 "smoke farmers 19" were collected, although the average standard germination rate was above 90%. However, there is still a standard of germination rate of wheat seeds of 1 "short-resistant 58" and 2 "Zhoumai 22", which does not exclude the company from selling the seeds of Chen.
The vigor of wheat seeds in different regions is different. The standard germination rate and germination rate of winter wheat seeds in Beijing-Tianjin area are significantly higher than the national average, while the winter wheat seeds in Xinjiang are significantly lower than the national average. The standard germination rate of wheat seeds in other provinces such as Henan and Shandong is 93%, reflecting the national average.
[Problem] During the storage of the material, a very small amount of wheat sample material was found to be insects, indicating that some seed producers did not perform insecticidal treatment after wheat harvest. Under strict test operation, there is still a small amount of sample material seed moldy phenomenon, indicating that in the seed production process, the seed may be internally contaminated, and the mold has a certain influence on the seed vigor. It is worth mentioning that the 8 coated seeds in the material did not produce any insects and mold during the whole test, so it can be seen that the coating treatment of the seeds can very effectively protect the seeds. The seed samples collected in this survey were purchased directly from the seed market. On the one hand, the authenticity of the farmers' purchase process was reflected; on the other hand, the phenomenon of purchasing the seeds of Chen was not avoided, and the wheat seeds were also found during the purchase. There is a deck phenomenon.
cotton
[Results] 226 cotton varieties were collected in 11 provinces and autonomous regions in China through field purchase and mail order. The standard germination test and stress germination test were carried out with reference to the national seed germination test procedure. The average germination rate of 226 cotton varieties was 81. %, the average germination potential is 69%, and the germination rate is in accordance with the national seed quality standard (germination rate ≥ 80%) with 147 copies, with a ratio of 65%.
[Analysis] There are differences in the pass rate of varieties in different collection areas, among which Jiangsu's variety pass rate (germination rate ≥ 80%) is the highest, 88%.
[Problem] The seed samples collected in this survey are all from the market. During the collection process, the phenomenon of cotton seed decks is found to be more serious. Even in some areas, uncertified varieties are also sold.
Project team members
Professor Wang Jianhua, Professor, China Agricultural University
Zhao Guangwu, Professor, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University
Sun Qu, Associate Professor, China Agricultural University
Li Runzhi, Associate Professor, Beijing Agricultural College
Jiang Xuwen Lecturer, Qingdao Agricultural University
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