On June 21, the State Council Information Office issued a white paper entitled "China's Rare Earth Conditions and Policies", which comprehensively introduced the status quo, protection and utilization of China's rare earths, development principles and objectives, and related policies to enhance the international community's understanding of China's rare earths. According to the white paper, China currently bears more than 90% of the world's market supply. For a long time, China has earnestly fulfilled its commitment to join the World Trade Organization, abide by the rules of the World Trade Organization, and promote fair trade in rare earths. Su Bo, deputy director of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, said that China currently accounts for more than 90% of the world's market supply with 23% of the world's rare earth reserves. In 2011, China plans to export 30.20 million tons of rare earth products and actual exports of 18,600 tons. Facts have proved that while simultaneously strengthening the management of rare earth mining, production and export, China has ensured the supply to the international market. The following is the full text of the White Paper on China's Rare Earth Conditions and Policies : China's Rare Earth Status and Policy
(June 2012)
Foreword to the Information Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China I. Status Quo of Rare Earth II. Development Principles and Objectives III. Effectively Protect and Rationally Use Resources IV. Promote Coordinated Development of Rare Earth Utilization and Environment V. Promote Technological Progress and Industrial Upgrading VI. Promote Fair Trade and International Foreword to cooperation Rare earths are important natural resources that are not renewable and are increasingly used in economic and social development. China is one of the countries with rich rare earth resources. Since the 1950s, China's rare earth industry has made great progress. After years of hard work, China has become the world's largest producer, exporter and exporter of rare earths. While developing rare earths for the benefit of mankind, the resources and environmental problems associated with them have become increasingly prominent. In the development and utilization of rare earths, the rational use of resources and the effective protection of the environment are common challenges facing the world. In recent years, China has taken comprehensive measures in the mining, production and export of rare earths to increase resources and environmental protection, and strive to promote the sustainable and healthy development of the rare earth industry. With the in-depth development of economic globalization, China's international exchanges and cooperation in the field of rare earths are increasing. China has always respected the rules and kept its promise to provide the world with a large number of rare earth products. China will continue to strengthen the scientific management of the rare earth industry in accordance with the rules of the World Trade Organization, supply rare earth products to the international market, and contribute to the development and prosperity of the world economy. For some time, some countries have paid close attention to China's rare earth conditions and policies, and there are various sayings. Here is an introduction to improve the understanding of the international community. 1. Rare earth status Rare earth is the lanthanide lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), strontium (Pr), strontium (Nd), strontium (Pm), strontium (Sm), strontium (Eu), strontium in the periodic table. Gd), Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, plus the same family of Sc Y), a total of 17 elements. According to the atomic weight and physical and chemical properties of the element, it is divided into light, medium and heavy rare earth elements. The first five elements are light rare earths, and the others are medium and heavy rare earths. Due to its unique physical and chemical properties, rare earths are widely used in new energy, new materials, energy conservation and environmental protection, aerospace, electronic information and other fields, and are indispensable elements in modern industry. China has abundant rare earth resources, and China's rare earth reserves account for about 23% of the world's total reserves. China's rare earth resources mainly have the following characteristics: ——The distribution of resources is “Northern Light and Heavyâ€. The light rare earth minerals are mainly distributed in the northern regions such as Baotou in Inner Mongolia and Liangshan in Sichuan. The ionic medium-heavy rare earth minerals are mainly distributed in the southern regions such as Jiangxi Yinzhou and Fujian Longyan. - There are many types of resources. There are many kinds of rare earth minerals, including bastnasite, monazite, ionite, xenotime, brown ore, etc., and the rare earth elements are relatively complete. Ionic medium-heavy rare earth ore plays an important role in the world. ——The radioactive elements associated with light rare earth minerals have a great impact on the environment. Most of the light rare earth minerals can be scaled industrially, but it is difficult to treat radioactive elements such as strontium. In the process of mining and smelting, it is necessary to pay attention to the impact on human health and ecological environment. ——The ionic medium and heavy rare earth minerals have poor conditions. The rare earth elements in the ionic rare earth ore are adsorbed in the soil in an ionic state, and the distribution is scattered and the abundance is low, and the large-scale industrial exploitation is difficult. Since the implementation of reform and opening up in the late 1970s, China's rare earth industry has developed rapidly. The R&D of rare earth mining, smelting and application technology has made great progress, and the scale of the industry has been continuously expanded, which basically meets the needs of national economic and social development. - Form a complete industrial system. China has formed three major production bases of Baotou, Inner Mongolia, Sichuan Liangshan light rare earth and the five southern provinces represented by Jiangxi Yinzhou. It has complete mining, smelting and separation technologies as well as equipment manufacturing, material processing and application industrial systems. Production of more than 400 varieties, more than 1000 specifications of rare earth products. In 2011, the output of China's rare earth smelting products was 96,900 tons, accounting for more than 90% of the world's total output. -- The market environment has gradually improved. China has continuously promoted the reform of the rare earth industry and promoted the formation of a rare earth market system with multiple investment entities, independent decision-making, and price supply and demand decisions. In recent years, China's rare earth industry investment has grown rapidly, the market scale has continued to expand, and various economic components such as state-owned, private, and foreign capital coexist. The size of the rare earth market is currently close to 100 billion yuan. The market order has gradually improved, and mergers and acquisitions among enterprises have been gradually promoted. The situation of “small, scattered and chaotic†of the rare earth industry has been initially improved. -- The level of science and technology has further improved. After years of development, China has established a relatively complete R&D system, and has developed a number of internationally advanced technologies in the fields of rare earth mining, smelting and separation. The unique mining process and advanced separation technology are the development of rare earth resources. The use laid a solid foundation. The rare earth new materials industry has been developing steadily, realizing the industrialization of new materials such as rare earth permanent magnet materials, luminescent materials, hydrogen storage materials and catalytic materials, and has provided support for the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries and the development of strategic emerging industries. The rapid development of China's rare earth industry not only meets the needs of domestic economic and social development, but also makes an important contribution to the global supply of rare earths. For a long time, China has earnestly fulfilled its commitment to join the World Trade Organization, abide by the rules of the World Trade Organization, and promote fair trade in rare earths. At present, China is responsible for more than 90% of the world's market supply with 23% of rare earth resources. China's rare earth permanent magnet materials, luminescent materials, hydrogen storage materials, polishing materials, etc. account for more than 70% of world production. China's rare earth materials, devices and energy-saving lamps, micro-motors, nickel-metal hydride batteries and other end products meet the needs of the development of high-tech industries in countries around the world, especially in developed countries. At the same time of rapid development, China's rare earth industry has many problems, and China has paid a huge price for it. Mainly manifested in: - over-exploitation of resources. After more than half a century of super-strength mining, the reserves and guaranteed years of China's rare earth resources have been declining, the resources of major mining areas have accelerated and the original mine resources have been exhausted. Baotou Rare Earth Mine has only one-third of the main mining resources, and the storage ratio of the southern ion-type rare earth mine has dropped from 50 to 20 years ago. Most of the southern ion-type rare earths are located in remote mountainous areas, with high mountains and dense forests, scattered mining areas, numerous mining sites, high regulatory costs and high difficulty. The illegal exploitation has caused serious damage to resources. The phenomenon of mining and abandoning poverty, mining and abandoning is serious, and the resource recovery rate is low. The recovery rate of ion-type rare earth resources in the south is less than 50%, and the utilization rate of Baotou rare earth ore is only 10%. ——The ecological environment is seriously damaged. The backward production technology and technology of rare earth mining, metallurgy and separation seriously damage the surface vegetation, cause soil erosion, soil pollution and acidification, and reduce or even reduce crops. In the past, the ionic medium-heavy rare earth mine used backward heap leaching and pool leaching technology, and produced about 2,000 tons of tailings per ton of rare earth oxide. Although it has adopted a more advanced in-situ leaching process, it is still inevitable. A large amount of pollutants such as ammonia nitrogen and heavy metals destroy vegetation and seriously pollute surface water, groundwater and farmland. Light rare earth minerals are mostly associated with polymetallic ore. During the smelting and separation process, a large number of pollutants such as toxic and harmful gases, high-concentration ammonia-nitrogen wastewater, and radioactive waste slag will be produced. In some places, due to over-exploitation of rare earths, it also causes landslides, river channel blockages, sudden environmental pollution incidents, and even major accidents and disasters, causing significant losses to the public's life and health and ecological environment. The restoration and treatment of the ecological environment has also become a heavy burden for some rare earth producing areas. - The industrial structure is irrational. There is a serious excess of smelting and separation capacity. The research and development of rare earth materials and devices lags behind. There is a clear gap between the development of rare earth new materials and terminal application technologies and the international advanced level. There are few intellectual property rights and new rare earth materials and devices, and there are few low-end products and low-end products. As a small industry, rare earth has low industrial concentration, numerous enterprises, and lacks large-scale enterprises with core competitiveness. The industry has poor self-discipline and there is a certain degree of vicious competition. - The price is seriously deviating from the value. For a period of time, the price of rare earth has not truly reflected its value, the long-term downturn, the scarcity of resources has not been properly reflected, and the loss of ecological environment has not been properly compensated. Since the second half of 2010, although the price of rare earth products has gradually returned, the increase is much lower than that of raw materials such as gold, copper and iron ore. From 2000 to 2010, the price of rare earth increased by 2.5 times, while the prices of gold, copper and iron ore increased by 4.4, 4.1 and 4.8 times respectively.
Figure 1 China's rare earth price changes from 1986 to 2010 Xinhua News Agency issued 
Figure 2 Comparison of price increases between rare earth and other products from 2000 to 2010 
Figure 3 Comparison of the price changes of rare earth and gold, copper and iron ore from 1986 to 2010. Xinhua News Agency issued - export smuggling is more serious. Affected by various factors such as domestic and international demand, although China Customs has listed rare earth as a key smuggling project, the export smuggling of rare earth products still exists. From 2006 to 2008, the amount of rare earth imported from China by foreign customs was 35%, 59% and 36% higher than that of China Customs. In 2011, it was 1.2 times higher. In response to the outstanding problems in the development of the rare earth industry, the Chinese government has further increased the supervision of the rare earth industry. In May 2011, the State Council officially promulgated the “Several Opinions on Promoting the Sustainable and Healthy Development of the Rare Earth Industry†(hereinafter referred to as the “Opinionsâ€), placing protection resources and the environment, and achieving sustainable development in a more important position. Management of mining, production, distribution, import and export, research and development, revision and improvement of relevant laws and regulations to strengthen the management of the rare earth industry. The Chinese government has established a rare metal inter-ministerial coordination mechanism to coordinate research on major national rare earth development strategies, plans, plans and policies; set up a rare earth office to coordinate the proposed rare earth mining, production, reserves, import and export plans, etc. Do a good job in management. In April 2012, the China Rare Earth Industry Association was approved to play an important role in the industry's self-discipline, standardizing industry order, and actively carrying out international cooperation and exchanges. Since the implementation of the "Opinions" for more than a year, the development mode of the industry has accelerated and the industry development order has been significantly improved. II. Development Principles and Objectives (I) Basic Principles - Persist in protecting the environment and conserving resources. Implement stricter ecological environmental protection standards and protective mining policies for rare earth resources, improve rare earth management laws and regulations as soon as possible, and crack down on various violations of laws and regulations in accordance with the law. -- Adhere to controlling the total amount and optimizing the stock. Accelerate the implementation of the strategy of large enterprise groups, promote the structural adjustment of rare earth industries, actively promote technological innovation, strictly control mining and smelting separation capabilities, eliminate backward production capacity, and further increase the concentration of rare earth industry. -- Adhere to both domestic and international markets and resources. Simultaneous management measures for mining, production and export are encouraged to encourage international exchanges and cooperation. -- Adhere to coordination with local economic and social development. Correctly handle the relationship between local and overall, current and long-term, and maintain the normal development order of the rare earth industry. (II) Main objectives In the short term, the establishment of standardized and orderly resource development, smelting separation and market circulation order, disorderly exploitation of resources, deterioration of ecological environment, blind expansion of production and export smuggling are effectively contained; The rate, mineral recovery rate and comprehensive utilization rate have been improved, the resource development intensity has been effectively controlled, the storage-production ratio has been restored to a reasonable level; the discharge of wastewater, waste gas and waste residue has reached the standard, and the ecological environment of key areas has been effectively restored; the merger and reorganization of rare earth industry has been accelerated. To form a large-scale production enterprise with scale, high efficiency and cleanliness; the pace of new product development and new technology promotion and application is accelerating. On this basis, we will further improve the rare earth policies and laws and regulations, gradually establish a unified, standardized and efficient management system for rare earth industries, and form a sustainable and healthy development pattern of rare earth industry with rational development, orderly production, efficient utilization, advanced technology and intensive development. Third, effective protection and rational use of resources As a non-renewable natural resource, rare earth must be taken to effectively protect and rationally use it. Over the years, China has worked hard to implement protective mining of rare earths and promote the sustainable use of resources. In the 1980s, China promulgated the "Mineral Resources Law" to implement planned mining for specific mining types that are planned to be mined by the state, mines that are of great value to the national economy, and countries that have been protected for mining. In 1991, China decided to classify ionic rare earth minerals as minerals for protective mining in the country, and implemented planned and unified management from mining, smelting, processing, marketing, and export. In 2006, China implemented the total amount of rare earth mining control management. In 2007, rare earth production was included in the mandatory production plan management. In 2008, the state issued the "National Mineral Resources Planning" (2008-2015) to implement planning and regulation, restrict mining, strict access and comprehensive utilization of specific minerals such as rare earth. In 2009, the state collected the registration and approval authority for the exploration and mining of specific mining minerals. In 2011, the state unified the adjustment of the standard of raw ore resources tax and tax for rare earth minerals. The adjusted tax standards are: light rare earth (including bastnaline ore, monazite ore) 60 yuan / ton; medium and heavy rare earth (including xenotime, ion Type rare earth ore) 30 yuan / ton, compared with the adjustment of 0.4 yuan / ton - 2 yuan / ton of tax standards have been greatly improved. The state has also established a strategic reserve system for rare earths, implemented rare earth resource reserves and product reserves, delineated the first batch of 11 rare earth national planning mining areas, and compiled a special plan for the key areas of rare earth resources (mineral areas). Strict management of mining rights, implementation of mining rights setting program system, in principle, continue to suspend the acceptance of new rare earth exploration and mining registration applications, prohibiting existing mining mines to expand production capacity. Strictly control the total amount of mining and production, reduce the intensity of resource development, delay resource exhaustion, and promote sustainable development. In recent years, China has carried out special rectification actions for rare earth mining and production, and effectively protected and rationally utilized rare earth resources in various aspects. Through the use of satellite aerial photography, video surveillance, regular inspection, monthly reporting system, special invoice monitoring, reporting telephones and other means, strict control of the total amount of rare earth mining and directive production planning indicators. We will resolutely crack down on the illegal mining of rare earths and the exploitation of super-control indicators, and resolutely crack down on unplanned and super-planned production of rare earth smelting and separating enterprises. Strengthen the joint supervision of key rare earth producing areas, investigate and deal with rare earth enterprises that violate the law, illegally exploit, produce and pollute the environment, waste resources, and do not have safe production conditions, and investigate the responsibility of enterprises and related personnel according to law. Re-examine the issued exploration licenses and mining licenses and publicize the list of legal mining companies to the public. Accelerate the establishment of a long-term mechanism to regulate rare earth mining, production order and supervision. We will further promote the merger and reorganization of rare earth enterprises, eliminate backward processes and production capacity, and achieve large-scale and intensive production. Through special rectification, more than 600 investigations and corrections of rare earth illegal exploration and mining have been investigated and corrected, and more than 100 cases have been filed. 13 mines and 76 smelting and separating enterprises have stopped production and rectification, effectively curbing the momentum of illegal mining and production of rare earths. The Chinese government attaches great importance to the comprehensive utilization of rare earth resources. In recent years, the state has strengthened the research on geological structure of ion-type rare earth mines, actively promoted the construction of green mines and comprehensive utilization demonstration bases, developed green and efficient mining technologies, greatly improved the recovery rate of rare earths, supported the development of new flotation reagents and beneficiation equipment, and improved rare earths. The ore recovery rate is carried out to carry out rare earth recovery of lean ore and tailings. The state promotes the balanced use of rare earth elements, encourages the application of relatively abundant light rare earth elements such as antimony and bismuth, and accelerates the development of reduction and replacement technologies for rare and rare rare earth elements such as antimony, bismuth and antimony. Promote the comprehensive recycling of complex and difficult-to-treat rare rare earth metal symbiotic ore in the process of beneficiation and smelting, and support the recovery and utilization of associated minerals such as lanthanum, cerium, lanthanum, cerium, potassium and fluorite in rare earth ore. China vigorously supports the development of circular economy and actively carries out the recycling and reuse of rare earth secondary resources. Encourage the development of special processes, technologies and equipment for the collection, treatment, separation and purification of rare earth waste materials, support the establishment of a specialized recycling base for rare earth materials, rare earth pyrometallurgical molten salt, slag, rare earth permanent magnet waste and used permanent magnets. The secondary rare earth resources such as motor, waste nickel-hydrogen battery, waste rare earth fluorescent lamp, failed rare earth catalyst, waste rare earth polishing powder and other rare earth-containing waste components are recycled and reused. IV. Promoting the coordinated development of rare earth utilization and the environment In recent years, in order to protect the environment, China has continuously strengthened and improved the management of high energy consumption, high pollution, resource products and related industries. In the field of rare earths, the state has adopted a series of effective measures to promote the coordinated development of rare earth development and utilization and the ecological environment, and never exchange the development of the rare earth industry at the expense of the environment. Strengthening the environmental management of the rare earth industry and the construction of corresponding regulations are important guarantees for promoting the coordinated development of rare earth utilization and ecological environment. Since the 1980s, China has enacted more than 10 environmental protection laws such as the Environmental Protection Law and the Water Pollution Prevention and Control Law, and established systems for environmental impact assessment, total pollutant control, and deadline treatment. The State promulgated and implemented the "Regulations for Land Reclamation" to fully implement the land reclamation obligations, and required the mines to be mined, protected, and rehabilitated to restore the mine's ecological environment. Starting from the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" (2006-2010), the state has incorporated energy conservation and emission reduction into the national economic and social development planning goals, and reduced energy consumption intensity, chemical oxygen demand and sulfur dioxide emissions as binding targets. The 2nd Five-Year Plan (2011-2015) will further reduce carbon dioxide emission intensity and reduce ammonia nitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions into binding indicators. In order to further strengthen the ecological environment protection of the rare earth industry, in 2011 the state promulgated and implemented the "Rare Earth Industrial Pollutant Emission Standards", which clarified the ammonia nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand, phosphorus, fluorine, antimony, heavy metals and sulfur dioxide, chlorine gas, particulate matter, etc. Limits of pollutant emissions. At present, China is studying the establishment of an environmental risk assessment system for the rare earth industry. Strict implementation of environmental protection laws and regulations is the key to protecting the environment in the development and utilization of rare earths. In recent years, the state has strictly implemented the environmental impact assessment system. New construction, expansion and reconstruction of rare earth projects must analyze, predict and evaluate the possible environmental impacts, and propose countermeasures and measures to prevent and mitigate environmental impacts. The implementation of the “three simultaneous†system, the environmental protection facilities of the rare earth construction project must be designed and constructed simultaneously with the main project, and put into use after acceptance by the environmental protection department. Implementation of the sewage permit system and the "Rare Earth Industry Pollutant Emission Standards", rare earth enterprises should obtain the permission of the environmental protection department in advance, achieve the standard discharge according to the concentration, quantity and mode stipulated by the discharge standard, and prohibit the discharge without authorization according to the law. The implementation of the mandatory elimination system prohibits the use of ion-type rare earth ore heap leaching and pool leaching ore processing, prohibits the development of monazite single minerals, and prohibits the use of processes that seriously pollute the environment and destroy the ecology, and prevent ecological damage and environmental pollution from the source. In recent years, the state has implemented stricter implementation of the rare earth mine geological environment restoration and control deposit system, urged rare earth mining enterprises to strictly implement the economic responsibility of ecological environmental protection and restoration, and gradually established a responsible mechanism for mine environmental governance and ecological restoration. Carry out special environmental rectification of the rare earth industry. In the special rectification, governments at all levels have clearly requested that existing rare earth enterprises must speed up the construction of environmental protection facilities and meet the standards, and implement clean production. Otherwise, enterprises that have not stopped production within the time limit will be resolutely banned. Since 2011, the state has carried out environmental verification work on all rare earth mines, smelting and separation, and metal production enterprises, and seriously investigated and dealt with the behavior of rare earth enterprises polluting the environment. It has successively announced the list of 56 batches of enterprises that meet environmental protection requirements, and promoted rare earths. The industry and enterprises invested more than 4 billion yuan to carry out environmental protection and technology upgrades, and the environmental protection level of the rare earth industry has been significantly improved. Enterprises that have serious environmental pollution, outstanding environmental safety hazards, strong public reactions, and do not meet the requirements of environmental protection laws and regulations shall be punished according to the measures of listing supervision and deadlines. Governments at all levels will invest funds for special treatment on issues such as the destruction of ecological environment, tailings and waste residue in history. V. Advancing technological progress and industrial upgrading China will focus on improving the scientific development and application technology of rare earths, focus on creating a policy environment, accelerate the advancement of rare earth technology and industrial upgrading, and strive to crack resources and environmental bottlenecks for sustainable development of rare earths. Development provides technical support. The state encourages technological innovation in the rare earth industry. In the National Medium- and Long-Term Plan for Science and Technology Development (2006-2020), rare earth technology is listed as a key support direction. The state supports rare earth basic research, cutting-edge technology research, industrial key technology research and development and promotion and application, and promotes the establishment of a technological innovation system that is enterprise-oriented, market-oriented, and combines production, education and research. Actively develop environmentally friendly, advanced and applicable rare earth mining technology, high-efficiency mining technology with complex geological conditions, and comprehensive recovery technology of associated resources to improve resource recovery and recycling. Vigorously organize research and development of low-carbon and low-salt emissions, ultra-high-purity product preparation, membrane separation, associated strontium resource recovery and utilization, tail gas fluorosulfur recovery treatment, chemical raw material recycling, production automation and other advanced technologies to achieve high-efficiency clean smelting separation. Guide rare earth production and application enterprises, research institutes and universities to develop rare earth deep processing and new material application technologies. Vigorously cultivate rare earth science and technology talents, strengthen intellectual property protection and technical standards, and create favorable conditions for the development of rare earth technology. In recent years, the state has accelerated the technological transformation of enterprises. Promote the use of high-efficiency green mining and mineral processing technology and advanced equipment such as in-situ leaching to transform existing rare earth mines, improve the comprehensive utilization of resources, ecological restoration, environmental protection and safe production levels, build and improve special tailings storage and treatment facilities, and strengthen tailings Protection and utilization. Encourage the use of advanced technologies and equipment such as ammonia-free smelting and separation, linkage extraction and separation to transform existing rare earth smelting and separation production lines, and reduce chemical material consumption and “three wastes†emissions. The use of new low-emission, low-energy technology and equipment to transform rare earth metal smelting enterprises, improve production efficiency and product quality, reduce energy consumption and material consumption. Accelerate the elimination of the backward process and production capacity of ammonia saponification separation, chloride electrolysis, and wet preparation of rare earth fluoride. Support enterprises to combine technological transformation with mergers and acquisitions, eliminate backward production capacity, and accelerate the closure and transfer of backward enterprises. Adjusting and optimizing the industrial structure is an important part of promoting the sustainable and healthy development of the rare earth industry. The Chinese government strictly controls the total amount of rare earth smelting and separation. In addition to the state-approved mergers and acquisitions and optimized layout projects, the new rare earth smelting and separation project will be suspended, and the existing rare earth smelting and separation project will be banned from expanding production scale. Resolutely stop the construction of illegal projects, and investigate the responsibility of relevant units and responsible persons in accordance with the law. Adjust the structure of rare earth processed products, control the excessive consumption of rare earths in the low-end field, reduce the output of processed products with low compression grade and high rare earth consumption, conform to the development trend of international rare earth technology and industry, and encourage the development of high-tech and high value-added rare earth applications. industry. Accelerate the development of rare earth new materials and devices such as high-performance rare earth magnetic materials, luminescent materials, hydrogen storage materials, and catalytic materials, and promote the application of rare earth materials in information, new energy, energy conservation, environmental protection, and medical fields. Encourage enterprises to strengthen management innovation, establish a modern enterprise system, accelerate industrial upgrading, and foster modern enterprises that form resource conservation, environmental friendliness, intensive development, and actively fulfill social responsibilities. 6. Promoting Fair Trade and International Cooperation Opening to the outside world is China's basic national policy. In the field of rare earths, China takes into consideration both domestic and international resources and two markets, and pursues a win-win strategy that not only maintains a rational supply of rare earths in the international market, but also protects the ecological environment and resources, and continuously promotes fair trade and international exchanges and cooperation. Based on the needs of resource conservation and sustainable development, China will strictly control the total amount of rare earth mining and production, and simultaneously implement restrictions on mining, production, consumption and exports, taking into account the domestic and international markets, resource and environmental carrying capacity and domestic production. Measures to reasonably determine the annual total export quotas for rare earths have basically met the normal needs of the international market. At the same time, strict customs supervision and regulation of enterprise declaration management require that rare earth export enterprises must meet the requirements of industrial policies, industry access, and environmental protection standards. Strengthen the supervision and management of export enterprises, strengthen the self-discipline of the industry, and investigate the legally responsible for the export of rare earth products in disguise, the procurement of export products from illegal channels and other acts that disrupt the order of export operations. In 2011, a special campaign against rare earth smuggling was launched. A total of 8 cases of rare earth smuggling crimes, 769 tons of rare earths, and 23 suspects of smuggling were arrested. At the same time, the state strictly prohibits the import of rare earth mineral products with excessive radioactive materials. On the issue of rare earth trade, the Chinese government has repeatedly stated that China will continue to supply rare earths to the international market. The Chinese government's efforts to strengthen the management of rare earth exports are carried out in parallel with the strengthening of management of rare earth mining and production. This is in line with China's sustainable development and the interests of all countries in the world. China opposes the politicization of the rare earth issue and is willing to strengthen dialogue and cooperation with other rare earth producing and consuming countries in a constructive and responsible manner to jointly prevent excessive speculation in the rare earth market and jointly solve resource and environmental problems in industrial development. China also hopes that countries with abundant rare earth resources will actively develop their own resources, expand supply channels in the international market, diversify the supply of rare earths, expand the scale of trade, and jointly assume the responsibility of global supply of rare earths to meet the needs of sustainable development of the world economy. 
Figure 4 China's rare earth export distribution map in 2011 Xinhua News Agency In recent years, China has actively created a fair and open investment environment, encouraging foreign investors to invest in rare earth environmental management, recycling of waste products and high-end applications and equipment manufacturing industries. At present, companies in the United States, Germany, France, Canada, Japan and other countries have invested in rare earth industries in China. There are 38 wholly-owned and joint ventures with an investment of 6.1 billion yuan. These products are mainly used for export to meet their domestic market demand. . China encourages domestic enterprises to actively participate in the technical and economic cooperation in the field of international rare earths in accordance with international practices and market rules. China actively participates in international exchanges in the field of rare earths. It has successively established academic exchange platforms such as international rare earth development and application research, international rare earth summit forum, and Baotou International Rare Earth Forum. Actively participate in relevant activities carried out by the International Rare Earth Permanent Magnet and Application Organization, International Display and Lighting Organization, and conduct extensive bilateral and multilateral exchanges and dialogues with the United States, the European Union, Russia, Japan, etc., communicate information, enhance understanding, and jointly promote the world's rare earths. Sustainable development of technology and industry. The sustainable and healthy development of the rare earth industry is related to the sustainable use of rare earth, an important natural resource, and to the harmony and beauty of the earth's homeland on which human beings depend. In today's world, countries are interdependent, symbiotic, and co-prosperous. On the issue of rare earths, we should strengthen cooperation, share responsibility, and share results. In the years to come, China will adhere to the scientific development concept, improve the rare earth policy, strengthen industry management, and work with the international community to maintain a fair and rational rare earth market order, promote the development and utilization of rare earths and coordinate with the resources and environment, and develop the world economy and science and technology. Make new contributions.
(June 2012)
Foreword to the Information Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China I. Status Quo of Rare Earth II. Development Principles and Objectives III. Effectively Protect and Rationally Use Resources IV. Promote Coordinated Development of Rare Earth Utilization and Environment V. Promote Technological Progress and Industrial Upgrading VI. Promote Fair Trade and International Foreword to cooperation Rare earths are important natural resources that are not renewable and are increasingly used in economic and social development. China is one of the countries with rich rare earth resources. Since the 1950s, China's rare earth industry has made great progress. After years of hard work, China has become the world's largest producer, exporter and exporter of rare earths. While developing rare earths for the benefit of mankind, the resources and environmental problems associated with them have become increasingly prominent. In the development and utilization of rare earths, the rational use of resources and the effective protection of the environment are common challenges facing the world. In recent years, China has taken comprehensive measures in the mining, production and export of rare earths to increase resources and environmental protection, and strive to promote the sustainable and healthy development of the rare earth industry. With the in-depth development of economic globalization, China's international exchanges and cooperation in the field of rare earths are increasing. China has always respected the rules and kept its promise to provide the world with a large number of rare earth products. China will continue to strengthen the scientific management of the rare earth industry in accordance with the rules of the World Trade Organization, supply rare earth products to the international market, and contribute to the development and prosperity of the world economy. For some time, some countries have paid close attention to China's rare earth conditions and policies, and there are various sayings. Here is an introduction to improve the understanding of the international community. 1. Rare earth status Rare earth is the lanthanide lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), strontium (Pr), strontium (Nd), strontium (Pm), strontium (Sm), strontium (Eu), strontium in the periodic table. Gd), Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, plus the same family of Sc Y), a total of 17 elements. According to the atomic weight and physical and chemical properties of the element, it is divided into light, medium and heavy rare earth elements. The first five elements are light rare earths, and the others are medium and heavy rare earths. Due to its unique physical and chemical properties, rare earths are widely used in new energy, new materials, energy conservation and environmental protection, aerospace, electronic information and other fields, and are indispensable elements in modern industry. China has abundant rare earth resources, and China's rare earth reserves account for about 23% of the world's total reserves. China's rare earth resources mainly have the following characteristics: ——The distribution of resources is “Northern Light and Heavyâ€. The light rare earth minerals are mainly distributed in the northern regions such as Baotou in Inner Mongolia and Liangshan in Sichuan. The ionic medium-heavy rare earth minerals are mainly distributed in the southern regions such as Jiangxi Yinzhou and Fujian Longyan. - There are many types of resources. There are many kinds of rare earth minerals, including bastnasite, monazite, ionite, xenotime, brown ore, etc., and the rare earth elements are relatively complete. Ionic medium-heavy rare earth ore plays an important role in the world. ——The radioactive elements associated with light rare earth minerals have a great impact on the environment. Most of the light rare earth minerals can be scaled industrially, but it is difficult to treat radioactive elements such as strontium. In the process of mining and smelting, it is necessary to pay attention to the impact on human health and ecological environment. ——The ionic medium and heavy rare earth minerals have poor conditions. The rare earth elements in the ionic rare earth ore are adsorbed in the soil in an ionic state, and the distribution is scattered and the abundance is low, and the large-scale industrial exploitation is difficult. Since the implementation of reform and opening up in the late 1970s, China's rare earth industry has developed rapidly. The R&D of rare earth mining, smelting and application technology has made great progress, and the scale of the industry has been continuously expanded, which basically meets the needs of national economic and social development. - Form a complete industrial system. China has formed three major production bases of Baotou, Inner Mongolia, Sichuan Liangshan light rare earth and the five southern provinces represented by Jiangxi Yinzhou. It has complete mining, smelting and separation technologies as well as equipment manufacturing, material processing and application industrial systems. Production of more than 400 varieties, more than 1000 specifications of rare earth products. In 2011, the output of China's rare earth smelting products was 96,900 tons, accounting for more than 90% of the world's total output. -- The market environment has gradually improved. China has continuously promoted the reform of the rare earth industry and promoted the formation of a rare earth market system with multiple investment entities, independent decision-making, and price supply and demand decisions. In recent years, China's rare earth industry investment has grown rapidly, the market scale has continued to expand, and various economic components such as state-owned, private, and foreign capital coexist. The size of the rare earth market is currently close to 100 billion yuan. The market order has gradually improved, and mergers and acquisitions among enterprises have been gradually promoted. The situation of “small, scattered and chaotic†of the rare earth industry has been initially improved. -- The level of science and technology has further improved. After years of development, China has established a relatively complete R&D system, and has developed a number of internationally advanced technologies in the fields of rare earth mining, smelting and separation. The unique mining process and advanced separation technology are the development of rare earth resources. The use laid a solid foundation. The rare earth new materials industry has been developing steadily, realizing the industrialization of new materials such as rare earth permanent magnet materials, luminescent materials, hydrogen storage materials and catalytic materials, and has provided support for the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries and the development of strategic emerging industries. The rapid development of China's rare earth industry not only meets the needs of domestic economic and social development, but also makes an important contribution to the global supply of rare earths. For a long time, China has earnestly fulfilled its commitment to join the World Trade Organization, abide by the rules of the World Trade Organization, and promote fair trade in rare earths. At present, China is responsible for more than 90% of the world's market supply with 23% of rare earth resources. China's rare earth permanent magnet materials, luminescent materials, hydrogen storage materials, polishing materials, etc. account for more than 70% of world production. China's rare earth materials, devices and energy-saving lamps, micro-motors, nickel-metal hydride batteries and other end products meet the needs of the development of high-tech industries in countries around the world, especially in developed countries. At the same time of rapid development, China's rare earth industry has many problems, and China has paid a huge price for it. Mainly manifested in: - over-exploitation of resources. After more than half a century of super-strength mining, the reserves and guaranteed years of China's rare earth resources have been declining, the resources of major mining areas have accelerated and the original mine resources have been exhausted. Baotou Rare Earth Mine has only one-third of the main mining resources, and the storage ratio of the southern ion-type rare earth mine has dropped from 50 to 20 years ago. Most of the southern ion-type rare earths are located in remote mountainous areas, with high mountains and dense forests, scattered mining areas, numerous mining sites, high regulatory costs and high difficulty. The illegal exploitation has caused serious damage to resources. The phenomenon of mining and abandoning poverty, mining and abandoning is serious, and the resource recovery rate is low. The recovery rate of ion-type rare earth resources in the south is less than 50%, and the utilization rate of Baotou rare earth ore is only 10%. ——The ecological environment is seriously damaged. The backward production technology and technology of rare earth mining, metallurgy and separation seriously damage the surface vegetation, cause soil erosion, soil pollution and acidification, and reduce or even reduce crops. In the past, the ionic medium-heavy rare earth mine used backward heap leaching and pool leaching technology, and produced about 2,000 tons of tailings per ton of rare earth oxide. Although it has adopted a more advanced in-situ leaching process, it is still inevitable. A large amount of pollutants such as ammonia nitrogen and heavy metals destroy vegetation and seriously pollute surface water, groundwater and farmland. Light rare earth minerals are mostly associated with polymetallic ore. During the smelting and separation process, a large number of pollutants such as toxic and harmful gases, high-concentration ammonia-nitrogen wastewater, and radioactive waste slag will be produced. In some places, due to over-exploitation of rare earths, it also causes landslides, river channel blockages, sudden environmental pollution incidents, and even major accidents and disasters, causing significant losses to the public's life and health and ecological environment. The restoration and treatment of the ecological environment has also become a heavy burden for some rare earth producing areas. - The industrial structure is irrational. There is a serious excess of smelting and separation capacity. The research and development of rare earth materials and devices lags behind. There is a clear gap between the development of rare earth new materials and terminal application technologies and the international advanced level. There are few intellectual property rights and new rare earth materials and devices, and there are few low-end products and low-end products. As a small industry, rare earth has low industrial concentration, numerous enterprises, and lacks large-scale enterprises with core competitiveness. The industry has poor self-discipline and there is a certain degree of vicious competition. - The price is seriously deviating from the value. For a period of time, the price of rare earth has not truly reflected its value, the long-term downturn, the scarcity of resources has not been properly reflected, and the loss of ecological environment has not been properly compensated. Since the second half of 2010, although the price of rare earth products has gradually returned, the increase is much lower than that of raw materials such as gold, copper and iron ore. From 2000 to 2010, the price of rare earth increased by 2.5 times, while the prices of gold, copper and iron ore increased by 4.4, 4.1 and 4.8 times respectively.
Figure 1 China's rare earth price changes from 1986 to 2010 Xinhua News Agency issued Figure 2 Comparison of price increases between rare earth and other products from 2000 to 2010 Figure 3 Comparison of the price changes of rare earth and gold, copper and iron ore from 1986 to 2010. Xinhua News Agency issued - export smuggling is more serious. Affected by various factors such as domestic and international demand, although China Customs has listed rare earth as a key smuggling project, the export smuggling of rare earth products still exists. From 2006 to 2008, the amount of rare earth imported from China by foreign customs was 35%, 59% and 36% higher than that of China Customs. In 2011, it was 1.2 times higher. In response to the outstanding problems in the development of the rare earth industry, the Chinese government has further increased the supervision of the rare earth industry. In May 2011, the State Council officially promulgated the “Several Opinions on Promoting the Sustainable and Healthy Development of the Rare Earth Industry†(hereinafter referred to as the “Opinionsâ€), placing protection resources and the environment, and achieving sustainable development in a more important position. Management of mining, production, distribution, import and export, research and development, revision and improvement of relevant laws and regulations to strengthen the management of the rare earth industry. The Chinese government has established a rare metal inter-ministerial coordination mechanism to coordinate research on major national rare earth development strategies, plans, plans and policies; set up a rare earth office to coordinate the proposed rare earth mining, production, reserves, import and export plans, etc. Do a good job in management. In April 2012, the China Rare Earth Industry Association was approved to play an important role in the industry's self-discipline, standardizing industry order, and actively carrying out international cooperation and exchanges. Since the implementation of the "Opinions" for more than a year, the development mode of the industry has accelerated and the industry development order has been significantly improved. II. Development Principles and Objectives (I) Basic Principles - Persist in protecting the environment and conserving resources. Implement stricter ecological environmental protection standards and protective mining policies for rare earth resources, improve rare earth management laws and regulations as soon as possible, and crack down on various violations of laws and regulations in accordance with the law. -- Adhere to controlling the total amount and optimizing the stock. Accelerate the implementation of the strategy of large enterprise groups, promote the structural adjustment of rare earth industries, actively promote technological innovation, strictly control mining and smelting separation capabilities, eliminate backward production capacity, and further increase the concentration of rare earth industry. -- Adhere to both domestic and international markets and resources. Simultaneous management measures for mining, production and export are encouraged to encourage international exchanges and cooperation. -- Adhere to coordination with local economic and social development. Correctly handle the relationship between local and overall, current and long-term, and maintain the normal development order of the rare earth industry. (II) Main objectives In the short term, the establishment of standardized and orderly resource development, smelting separation and market circulation order, disorderly exploitation of resources, deterioration of ecological environment, blind expansion of production and export smuggling are effectively contained; The rate, mineral recovery rate and comprehensive utilization rate have been improved, the resource development intensity has been effectively controlled, the storage-production ratio has been restored to a reasonable level; the discharge of wastewater, waste gas and waste residue has reached the standard, and the ecological environment of key areas has been effectively restored; the merger and reorganization of rare earth industry has been accelerated. To form a large-scale production enterprise with scale, high efficiency and cleanliness; the pace of new product development and new technology promotion and application is accelerating. On this basis, we will further improve the rare earth policies and laws and regulations, gradually establish a unified, standardized and efficient management system for rare earth industries, and form a sustainable and healthy development pattern of rare earth industry with rational development, orderly production, efficient utilization, advanced technology and intensive development. Third, effective protection and rational use of resources As a non-renewable natural resource, rare earth must be taken to effectively protect and rationally use it. Over the years, China has worked hard to implement protective mining of rare earths and promote the sustainable use of resources. In the 1980s, China promulgated the "Mineral Resources Law" to implement planned mining for specific mining types that are planned to be mined by the state, mines that are of great value to the national economy, and countries that have been protected for mining. In 1991, China decided to classify ionic rare earth minerals as minerals for protective mining in the country, and implemented planned and unified management from mining, smelting, processing, marketing, and export. In 2006, China implemented the total amount of rare earth mining control management. In 2007, rare earth production was included in the mandatory production plan management. In 2008, the state issued the "National Mineral Resources Planning" (2008-2015) to implement planning and regulation, restrict mining, strict access and comprehensive utilization of specific minerals such as rare earth. In 2009, the state collected the registration and approval authority for the exploration and mining of specific mining minerals. In 2011, the state unified the adjustment of the standard of raw ore resources tax and tax for rare earth minerals. The adjusted tax standards are: light rare earth (including bastnaline ore, monazite ore) 60 yuan / ton; medium and heavy rare earth (including xenotime, ion Type rare earth ore) 30 yuan / ton, compared with the adjustment of 0.4 yuan / ton - 2 yuan / ton of tax standards have been greatly improved. The state has also established a strategic reserve system for rare earths, implemented rare earth resource reserves and product reserves, delineated the first batch of 11 rare earth national planning mining areas, and compiled a special plan for the key areas of rare earth resources (mineral areas). Strict management of mining rights, implementation of mining rights setting program system, in principle, continue to suspend the acceptance of new rare earth exploration and mining registration applications, prohibiting existing mining mines to expand production capacity. Strictly control the total amount of mining and production, reduce the intensity of resource development, delay resource exhaustion, and promote sustainable development. In recent years, China has carried out special rectification actions for rare earth mining and production, and effectively protected and rationally utilized rare earth resources in various aspects. Through the use of satellite aerial photography, video surveillance, regular inspection, monthly reporting system, special invoice monitoring, reporting telephones and other means, strict control of the total amount of rare earth mining and directive production planning indicators. We will resolutely crack down on the illegal mining of rare earths and the exploitation of super-control indicators, and resolutely crack down on unplanned and super-planned production of rare earth smelting and separating enterprises. Strengthen the joint supervision of key rare earth producing areas, investigate and deal with rare earth enterprises that violate the law, illegally exploit, produce and pollute the environment, waste resources, and do not have safe production conditions, and investigate the responsibility of enterprises and related personnel according to law. Re-examine the issued exploration licenses and mining licenses and publicize the list of legal mining companies to the public. Accelerate the establishment of a long-term mechanism to regulate rare earth mining, production order and supervision. We will further promote the merger and reorganization of rare earth enterprises, eliminate backward processes and production capacity, and achieve large-scale and intensive production. Through special rectification, more than 600 investigations and corrections of rare earth illegal exploration and mining have been investigated and corrected, and more than 100 cases have been filed. 13 mines and 76 smelting and separating enterprises have stopped production and rectification, effectively curbing the momentum of illegal mining and production of rare earths. The Chinese government attaches great importance to the comprehensive utilization of rare earth resources. In recent years, the state has strengthened the research on geological structure of ion-type rare earth mines, actively promoted the construction of green mines and comprehensive utilization demonstration bases, developed green and efficient mining technologies, greatly improved the recovery rate of rare earths, supported the development of new flotation reagents and beneficiation equipment, and improved rare earths. The ore recovery rate is carried out to carry out rare earth recovery of lean ore and tailings. The state promotes the balanced use of rare earth elements, encourages the application of relatively abundant light rare earth elements such as antimony and bismuth, and accelerates the development of reduction and replacement technologies for rare and rare rare earth elements such as antimony, bismuth and antimony. Promote the comprehensive recycling of complex and difficult-to-treat rare rare earth metal symbiotic ore in the process of beneficiation and smelting, and support the recovery and utilization of associated minerals such as lanthanum, cerium, lanthanum, cerium, potassium and fluorite in rare earth ore. China vigorously supports the development of circular economy and actively carries out the recycling and reuse of rare earth secondary resources. Encourage the development of special processes, technologies and equipment for the collection, treatment, separation and purification of rare earth waste materials, support the establishment of a specialized recycling base for rare earth materials, rare earth pyrometallurgical molten salt, slag, rare earth permanent magnet waste and used permanent magnets. The secondary rare earth resources such as motor, waste nickel-hydrogen battery, waste rare earth fluorescent lamp, failed rare earth catalyst, waste rare earth polishing powder and other rare earth-containing waste components are recycled and reused. IV. Promoting the coordinated development of rare earth utilization and the environment In recent years, in order to protect the environment, China has continuously strengthened and improved the management of high energy consumption, high pollution, resource products and related industries. In the field of rare earths, the state has adopted a series of effective measures to promote the coordinated development of rare earth development and utilization and the ecological environment, and never exchange the development of the rare earth industry at the expense of the environment. Strengthening the environmental management of the rare earth industry and the construction of corresponding regulations are important guarantees for promoting the coordinated development of rare earth utilization and ecological environment. Since the 1980s, China has enacted more than 10 environmental protection laws such as the Environmental Protection Law and the Water Pollution Prevention and Control Law, and established systems for environmental impact assessment, total pollutant control, and deadline treatment. The State promulgated and implemented the "Regulations for Land Reclamation" to fully implement the land reclamation obligations, and required the mines to be mined, protected, and rehabilitated to restore the mine's ecological environment. Starting from the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" (2006-2010), the state has incorporated energy conservation and emission reduction into the national economic and social development planning goals, and reduced energy consumption intensity, chemical oxygen demand and sulfur dioxide emissions as binding targets. The 2nd Five-Year Plan (2011-2015) will further reduce carbon dioxide emission intensity and reduce ammonia nitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions into binding indicators. In order to further strengthen the ecological environment protection of the rare earth industry, in 2011 the state promulgated and implemented the "Rare Earth Industrial Pollutant Emission Standards", which clarified the ammonia nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand, phosphorus, fluorine, antimony, heavy metals and sulfur dioxide, chlorine gas, particulate matter, etc. Limits of pollutant emissions. At present, China is studying the establishment of an environmental risk assessment system for the rare earth industry. Strict implementation of environmental protection laws and regulations is the key to protecting the environment in the development and utilization of rare earths. In recent years, the state has strictly implemented the environmental impact assessment system. New construction, expansion and reconstruction of rare earth projects must analyze, predict and evaluate the possible environmental impacts, and propose countermeasures and measures to prevent and mitigate environmental impacts. The implementation of the “three simultaneous†system, the environmental protection facilities of the rare earth construction project must be designed and constructed simultaneously with the main project, and put into use after acceptance by the environmental protection department. Implementation of the sewage permit system and the "Rare Earth Industry Pollutant Emission Standards", rare earth enterprises should obtain the permission of the environmental protection department in advance, achieve the standard discharge according to the concentration, quantity and mode stipulated by the discharge standard, and prohibit the discharge without authorization according to the law. The implementation of the mandatory elimination system prohibits the use of ion-type rare earth ore heap leaching and pool leaching ore processing, prohibits the development of monazite single minerals, and prohibits the use of processes that seriously pollute the environment and destroy the ecology, and prevent ecological damage and environmental pollution from the source. In recent years, the state has implemented stricter implementation of the rare earth mine geological environment restoration and control deposit system, urged rare earth mining enterprises to strictly implement the economic responsibility of ecological environmental protection and restoration, and gradually established a responsible mechanism for mine environmental governance and ecological restoration. Carry out special environmental rectification of the rare earth industry. In the special rectification, governments at all levels have clearly requested that existing rare earth enterprises must speed up the construction of environmental protection facilities and meet the standards, and implement clean production. Otherwise, enterprises that have not stopped production within the time limit will be resolutely banned. Since 2011, the state has carried out environmental verification work on all rare earth mines, smelting and separation, and metal production enterprises, and seriously investigated and dealt with the behavior of rare earth enterprises polluting the environment. It has successively announced the list of 56 batches of enterprises that meet environmental protection requirements, and promoted rare earths. The industry and enterprises invested more than 4 billion yuan to carry out environmental protection and technology upgrades, and the environmental protection level of the rare earth industry has been significantly improved. Enterprises that have serious environmental pollution, outstanding environmental safety hazards, strong public reactions, and do not meet the requirements of environmental protection laws and regulations shall be punished according to the measures of listing supervision and deadlines. Governments at all levels will invest funds for special treatment on issues such as the destruction of ecological environment, tailings and waste residue in history. V. Advancing technological progress and industrial upgrading China will focus on improving the scientific development and application technology of rare earths, focus on creating a policy environment, accelerate the advancement of rare earth technology and industrial upgrading, and strive to crack resources and environmental bottlenecks for sustainable development of rare earths. Development provides technical support. The state encourages technological innovation in the rare earth industry. In the National Medium- and Long-Term Plan for Science and Technology Development (2006-2020), rare earth technology is listed as a key support direction. The state supports rare earth basic research, cutting-edge technology research, industrial key technology research and development and promotion and application, and promotes the establishment of a technological innovation system that is enterprise-oriented, market-oriented, and combines production, education and research. Actively develop environmentally friendly, advanced and applicable rare earth mining technology, high-efficiency mining technology with complex geological conditions, and comprehensive recovery technology of associated resources to improve resource recovery and recycling. Vigorously organize research and development of low-carbon and low-salt emissions, ultra-high-purity product preparation, membrane separation, associated strontium resource recovery and utilization, tail gas fluorosulfur recovery treatment, chemical raw material recycling, production automation and other advanced technologies to achieve high-efficiency clean smelting separation. Guide rare earth production and application enterprises, research institutes and universities to develop rare earth deep processing and new material application technologies. Vigorously cultivate rare earth science and technology talents, strengthen intellectual property protection and technical standards, and create favorable conditions for the development of rare earth technology. In recent years, the state has accelerated the technological transformation of enterprises. Promote the use of high-efficiency green mining and mineral processing technology and advanced equipment such as in-situ leaching to transform existing rare earth mines, improve the comprehensive utilization of resources, ecological restoration, environmental protection and safe production levels, build and improve special tailings storage and treatment facilities, and strengthen tailings Protection and utilization. Encourage the use of advanced technologies and equipment such as ammonia-free smelting and separation, linkage extraction and separation to transform existing rare earth smelting and separation production lines, and reduce chemical material consumption and “three wastes†emissions. The use of new low-emission, low-energy technology and equipment to transform rare earth metal smelting enterprises, improve production efficiency and product quality, reduce energy consumption and material consumption. Accelerate the elimination of the backward process and production capacity of ammonia saponification separation, chloride electrolysis, and wet preparation of rare earth fluoride. Support enterprises to combine technological transformation with mergers and acquisitions, eliminate backward production capacity, and accelerate the closure and transfer of backward enterprises. Adjusting and optimizing the industrial structure is an important part of promoting the sustainable and healthy development of the rare earth industry. The Chinese government strictly controls the total amount of rare earth smelting and separation. In addition to the state-approved mergers and acquisitions and optimized layout projects, the new rare earth smelting and separation project will be suspended, and the existing rare earth smelting and separation project will be banned from expanding production scale. Resolutely stop the construction of illegal projects, and investigate the responsibility of relevant units and responsible persons in accordance with the law. Adjust the structure of rare earth processed products, control the excessive consumption of rare earths in the low-end field, reduce the output of processed products with low compression grade and high rare earth consumption, conform to the development trend of international rare earth technology and industry, and encourage the development of high-tech and high value-added rare earth applications. industry. Accelerate the development of rare earth new materials and devices such as high-performance rare earth magnetic materials, luminescent materials, hydrogen storage materials, and catalytic materials, and promote the application of rare earth materials in information, new energy, energy conservation, environmental protection, and medical fields. Encourage enterprises to strengthen management innovation, establish a modern enterprise system, accelerate industrial upgrading, and foster modern enterprises that form resource conservation, environmental friendliness, intensive development, and actively fulfill social responsibilities. 6. Promoting Fair Trade and International Cooperation Opening to the outside world is China's basic national policy. In the field of rare earths, China takes into consideration both domestic and international resources and two markets, and pursues a win-win strategy that not only maintains a rational supply of rare earths in the international market, but also protects the ecological environment and resources, and continuously promotes fair trade and international exchanges and cooperation. Based on the needs of resource conservation and sustainable development, China will strictly control the total amount of rare earth mining and production, and simultaneously implement restrictions on mining, production, consumption and exports, taking into account the domestic and international markets, resource and environmental carrying capacity and domestic production. Measures to reasonably determine the annual total export quotas for rare earths have basically met the normal needs of the international market. At the same time, strict customs supervision and regulation of enterprise declaration management require that rare earth export enterprises must meet the requirements of industrial policies, industry access, and environmental protection standards. Strengthen the supervision and management of export enterprises, strengthen the self-discipline of the industry, and investigate the legally responsible for the export of rare earth products in disguise, the procurement of export products from illegal channels and other acts that disrupt the order of export operations. In 2011, a special campaign against rare earth smuggling was launched. A total of 8 cases of rare earth smuggling crimes, 769 tons of rare earths, and 23 suspects of smuggling were arrested. At the same time, the state strictly prohibits the import of rare earth mineral products with excessive radioactive materials. On the issue of rare earth trade, the Chinese government has repeatedly stated that China will continue to supply rare earths to the international market. The Chinese government's efforts to strengthen the management of rare earth exports are carried out in parallel with the strengthening of management of rare earth mining and production. This is in line with China's sustainable development and the interests of all countries in the world. China opposes the politicization of the rare earth issue and is willing to strengthen dialogue and cooperation with other rare earth producing and consuming countries in a constructive and responsible manner to jointly prevent excessive speculation in the rare earth market and jointly solve resource and environmental problems in industrial development. China also hopes that countries with abundant rare earth resources will actively develop their own resources, expand supply channels in the international market, diversify the supply of rare earths, expand the scale of trade, and jointly assume the responsibility of global supply of rare earths to meet the needs of sustainable development of the world economy. Figure 4 China's rare earth export distribution map in 2011 Xinhua News Agency In recent years, China has actively created a fair and open investment environment, encouraging foreign investors to invest in rare earth environmental management, recycling of waste products and high-end applications and equipment manufacturing industries. At present, companies in the United States, Germany, France, Canada, Japan and other countries have invested in rare earth industries in China. There are 38 wholly-owned and joint ventures with an investment of 6.1 billion yuan. These products are mainly used for export to meet their domestic market demand. . China encourages domestic enterprises to actively participate in the technical and economic cooperation in the field of international rare earths in accordance with international practices and market rules. China actively participates in international exchanges in the field of rare earths. It has successively established academic exchange platforms such as international rare earth development and application research, international rare earth summit forum, and Baotou International Rare Earth Forum. Actively participate in relevant activities carried out by the International Rare Earth Permanent Magnet and Application Organization, International Display and Lighting Organization, and conduct extensive bilateral and multilateral exchanges and dialogues with the United States, the European Union, Russia, Japan, etc., communicate information, enhance understanding, and jointly promote the world's rare earths. Sustainable development of technology and industry. The sustainable and healthy development of the rare earth industry is related to the sustainable use of rare earth, an important natural resource, and to the harmony and beauty of the earth's homeland on which human beings depend. In today's world, countries are interdependent, symbiotic, and co-prosperous. On the issue of rare earths, we should strengthen cooperation, share responsibility, and share results. In the years to come, China will adhere to the scientific development concept, improve the rare earth policy, strengthen industry management, and work with the international community to maintain a fair and rational rare earth market order, promote the development and utilization of rare earths and coordinate with the resources and environment, and develop the world economy and science and technology. Make new contributions.Usually made of wood, ceramic, or plastic. Springerle moulds are the oldest examples of such, and are popular for Scottish shortbread. A cookie mould typically has an ornate design debossed into the surface; the mould is pressed into the cookie dough to produce an embossed design. These moulds may be flat disks or may be in the shape of a rolling pin.
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