Self-assembled Monolayers (SAMs) materials have gained significant attention for their role as hole-selective contacts in photovoltaic technologies, thanks to their low material consumption, minimal optical losses, and excellent pattern retention. These attributes make them ideal for fabricating high-efficiency perovskite and perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. However, one major challenge lies in achieving uniform and defect-free SAM deposition on complex metal oxide surfaces, such as indium tin oxide (ITO), due to the sensitivity of SAMs to surface chemistry.
Recently, Dr. Ye Jichun, a researcher at the Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering under the Chinese Academy of Sciences, spearheaded a breakthrough in the development of perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. Leveraging prior research on crystalline silicon and perovskite solar cells, the team devised a novel approach to reconstruct the ITO surface, enabling the fabrication of four-terminal perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells with an impressive efficiency of 28.4%. This innovative method involves treating the ITO surface with hydrofluoric acid followed by UV ozone exposure. This process selectively removes undesirable hydroxyl and hydrolyzed groups from the ITO surface, enhancing its reactivity and expanding its active area. As a result, this treatment facilitates the adsorption of high-density SAMs, crucial for optimizing cell performance.
Moreover, the fluorinated surface generated by this technique prevents direct contact between the ITO and the perovskite active layer while passivating the buried interface within the perovskite structure. These improvements lead to enhanced perovskite film formation, superior charge extraction, better energy level alignment, and greater interface chemical stability. Consequently, the single-junction perovskite solar cells fabricated using this approach achieved a remarkable photoelectric conversion efficiency of 21.3%, along with excellent long-term operational stability.
The researchers combined the optimized ITO substrate with a transparent tandem cell and a top-gate tunnel oxide passivated contact (TOPCon) cell to construct the four-terminal perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. The final outcome was a cell efficiency of 28.4%, marking a significant advancement in the field. This groundbreaking study, titled "Reconstruction of the Indium Tin Oxide Surface Enhances the Adsorption of High-Density Self-Assembled Monolayer for Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells," has been published in *Advanced Functional Materials* (DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202304708). The research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Zhejiang Provincial Government.
This research represents a pivotal step forward in advancing perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells, offering promising solutions to some of the most pressing challenges in photovoltaic technology. It underscores the potential of surface engineering to unlock new efficiencies and stability in renewable energy devices.
*Additional Notes:* While this breakthrough is a significant leap, further studies will focus on scaling up production processes and ensuring cost-effectiveness for commercial applications. This work could pave the way for more sustainable and efficient solar power solutions, addressing global energy demands while reducing environmental impact.
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