2012 China Photovoltaic Power Market Review

In the first half of 2012, the global photovoltaic (PV) industry continued to grapple with overcapacity and mounting trade barriers, despite years of both neglect and exaggerated optimism. The sector faced significant challenges as demand failed to keep pace with production, leading to price declines and financial instability for many companies. Globally, downstream suppliers were struggling, as overproduction in the manufacturing segment caused stagnation. Many countries, still reeling from the financial crisis, cut back on subsidies and funding for renewable energy projects. Protectionist measures, such as import tariffs and local content requirements, became more common, further complicating market dynamics. According to a report by GTM Research, global PV module production capacity reached 59 GW in 2012, while demand only stood at 30 GW. This oversupply led to significant losses for many firms, with several European and American solar manufacturers going bankrupt due to a 50% drop in panel prices. Prices for PV modules remained low, hovering around $0.70–$0.85 per watt, and were expected to fall further, potentially reaching $0.45/W by 2015. Despite the bleak outlook, there were signs of hope. Australia’s carbon tax, set to take effect in July, was expected to boost renewable energy adoption. Meanwhile, large-scale investments were being made in regional and transnational solar projects. Developed nations like Japan introduced new feed-in tariff mechanisms, offering long-term subsidies of 42 yen per kilowatt-hour for 20 years. Saudi Arabia also showed strong interest in solar energy, signaling potential growth in emerging markets. However, many governments reduced their PV subsidies. In the U.S., Congress blocked an extension of the 1603 Act, which had provided tax credits for solar projects. Spain suspended on-grid tariffs for new renewables, while Israel, Greece, South Korea, Switzerland, and Germany all cut their feed-in tariffs or replaced them with alternative policies. At the state level in the U.S., California passed a feed-in tariff bill aimed at helping low-income communities access solar energy. New Jersey also enacted the Solar Generator Resurrection Act, which aimed to stabilize its solar market through the SREC (Solar Renewable Energy Certificate) system. Connecticut launched a zero-emission credit plan, offering incentives for clean energy generation. Protectionist policies continued to rise, with Ontario introducing domestic content requirements for solar installations. Similar rules had been adopted by China, France, India, and Italy. The U.S. also considered local content mandates to counter Chinese solar imports, leading to tensions with the EU and Japan, who criticized Canada's policies at the WTO. Trade disputes intensified, with several lawsuits filed against Chinese solar manufacturers. The U.S. Department of Commerce imposed anti-dumping and countervailing duties on Chinese solar products, and China responded with similar measures. Technologically, crystalline silicon remained dominant, though it faced high costs and overcapacity. Polysilicon suppliers struggled, with some filing for bankruptcy. Thin-film technology, while less efficient, offered lower production costs and gained attention amid falling PV prices. However, companies like First Solar and Abound Solar faced financial difficulties, with some even declaring bankruptcy. Despite the challenges, several large-scale projects were announced or completed in 2012. Chile, Japan, and the U.S. all saw significant solar developments, showing that the industry was not entirely stagnant. Industry leaders identified key challenges, including ongoing overcapacity, pricing pressure, and the need for new markets. While the path forward was uncertain, many believed that solar energy would continue to grow due to its long-term cost advantages over fossil fuels.

Welding Nut

Welding nut is a kind of nut suitable for welding outside the nut. It is generally made of weldable material and is relatively thick and suitable for welding. Welding is equivalent to turning two separated parts into a whole, melting the metal at high temperature, mixing it together and then cooling it. Alloy will be added in the middle, and molecular force will play a role in the inside, and the strength is generally greater than that of the parent body. The experiment of welding parameters depends on the fusion size of the weld, and the welding parameters are adjusted according to the fusion size until the defects are eliminated. Of course, the quality of welding is related to the pre-welding treatment, such as dust removal and oil stain.

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