**1. Pixels:**
In the PAL system, the resolution is typically 752 (H) x 582 (V), which totals around 440,000 pixels, while 500 (H) x 582 (V) gives approximately 250,000 pixels. In the NTSC system, the resolution is commonly 768 (H) x 494 (V), totaling about 380,000 pixels, and 510 (H) x 492 (V) also results in around 250,000 pixels. The term "high resolution" usually refers to 440,000 pixels, while "low resolution" or "standard" is associated with 250,000 pixels. These values represent the effective number of pixels that contribute to image clarity and detail.
**2. Minimum Illumination:**
Minimum illumination refers to the lowest level of light required for a camera to produce a visible image on the screen. It’s measured in lux. To determine this, a camera is placed in a dark room and the light is gradually reduced until the subject becomes indistinct on the display. This value is crucial when choosing a camera for low-light environments, as it directly affects image quality in dim conditions.
**3. Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR):**
Every electronic system generates some level of noise, even when not in use. The signal-to-noise ratio measures the strength of the video signal relative to the background noise. A higher SNR means a clearer image. The formula used is 20 log (V2/V1), where V2 is the video signal and V1 is the noise level, with the result expressed in decibels (dB). A higher dB value indicates better image quality.
**4. Electronic Shutter:**
The electronic shutter controls how long the camera's sensor captures light. Unlike a mechanical shutter found in traditional cameras, an electronic shutter uses digital control to adjust exposure time. This is particularly useful in varying lighting conditions. For example, during bright sunlight, the shutter speed can be increased to avoid overexposure, while in low light, it can be slowed down to capture more light. In the PAL system, the electronic shutter speed ranges from 1/50 second to 1/100,000 second. If the shutter speed is too slow, the image may appear washed out; if too fast, details might be lost.
**5. Gamma Compensation:**
Gamma compensation adjusts the brightness of an image to match the nonlinear response of CRT monitors. CRTs do not respond linearly to input signals, so the video signal must be pre-adjusted. This adjustment is known as gamma correction, typically set at a value of 0.45. Some cameras allow users to switch between 0.45 and 1.0, where 1.0 represents a linear response. This feature is especially useful in bright environments to prevent overexposure.
**6. Backlight Compensation:**
Backlight compensation helps correct images where the subject is backlit, such as when someone is facing a bright light source. In such cases, the camera might underexpose the subject, making it appear too dark. By adjusting the exposure in a specific area (usually the center of the frame), the camera ensures the subject is properly lit, even if the background becomes slightly overexposed. This is commonly used in surveillance systems where subjects are often positioned against bright backgrounds.
**7. Synchronization System:**
Synchronization ensures that multiple cameras operate in unison, preventing flickering or misalignment on a video wall. There are three main types: internal, external, and power synchronization. Power synchronization uses the AC power supply as a reference to align all cameras. This is especially important in NTSC systems, where frequency mismatches can cause color rolling. Phase adjustment is also necessary when using three-phase power to ensure all cameras are synchronized.
**8. AGC (Automatic Gain Control):**
AGC automatically adjusts the brightness of the image based on available light. While useful in low-light situations, excessive gain can lead to noise and over-saturation. Some cameras offer manual control over AGC levels, allowing users to fine-tune the balance between brightness and image quality.
**9. Auto Iris Lens:**
An auto iris lens adjusts the aperture automatically based on the lighting conditions. There are two common types: video-driven and direct drive (DC). DC lenses require additional circuitry, and cheaper models may omit this feature. Choosing the right type depends on the application and the need for precise light control.
**10. Video Output:**
The standard video output for CCTV systems is 1Vpp (peak-to-peak). However, some manufacturers may boost the signal to make it appear brighter, which can cause issues when connecting to recorders or other devices. It’s important to check the specifications to ensure compatibility.
**11. Power Consumption:**
Most cameras operate on 12V DC and consume between 90-130 mA. Some models support 24V AC or 220V AC, with 24V AC often being compatible with 12V DC as well. Proper power management is essential for reliable operation, especially in outdoor or remote installations.
This detailed breakdown of key technical terms helps users understand the performance and capabilities of surveillance cameras, ensuring they make informed choices based on their specific needs.Led grow light provide the following value in the agricultural and horticultural industries:
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