1. Process
A process refers to the continuous operation performed on one or more workpieces using a machine tool, such as a milling machine, radial drill, or planer, at a specific workstation. Processes are categorized based on whether the workstation changes and whether the operation is continuous. For instance, when machining a stepped workpiece, if you first mill step I and then step II, this is considered a single process. However, if you first mill step I of one batch and then move to step II of another workpiece, this involves two separate processes since it’s not continuous.
2. Station
A station refers to each position a workpiece occupies on a machine during a single setup. For example, when milling step I of a workpiece without removing the clamping device, and then rotating the workpiece 180° to position step II for machining, this involves two stations. Each station represents a different location where the workpiece is processed.
3. Installation
An installation refers to the part of the workpiece that is completed during one setup. A single operation may involve multiple installations. Even though there are two stations involved, they are still considered a single installation if the workpiece remains in place throughout the process.
4. Operation
A process can be broken down into several operations. An operation is a portion of the process that is completed continuously without changing the machined surface, cutting tool, or cutting parameters (such as spindle speed and feed rate). For example, drilling six 18mm holes on a single workpiece, one by one, counts as a single operation.
5. Cutting Pass
If the material to be removed from a workpiece is too large to be cut in one pass, the same surface may need to be machined multiple times with the same tool. Each individual cut is referred to as a cutting pass.
The definitions provided above may not always appear together in the process cards used in small and medium-sized factories. The division of these elements can vary depending on the specific production requirements and operational practices.
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