Common Terminology for Steel Products
Note: "c", "s", "Mn", and "P" represent the mass fraction of carbon, sulfur, manganese, and phosphorus, respectively.
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Serial Number | Name | Description |
1 | Carbon Steel | Carbon steel is an iron-carbon alloy with a carbon content of less than 2%. It contains small amounts of silicon, manganese, sulfur, and phosphorus. It can be categorized into structural, tool, and free-cutting steels based on use. Structural steel includes building and machine-made types, while the carbon content determines whether it's low (≤0.25%), medium (0.25–0.6%), or high (>0.6%). Quality levels are also defined by sulfur and phosphorus content: ordinary, high-quality, and ultra-high-quality. The higher the carbon content, the harder and stronger the steel, but the lower its plasticity. |
2 | Carbon Structural Steel | This type of steel ensures mechanical properties and is labeled with "Q" followed by a number indicating yield strength, e.g., Q275 means 275 MPa. Grades like A, B, C, D indicate quality levels, with A being the lowest. F denotes boiling steel, b semi-killed, and no letter means killed steel. For example, Q235-A·F is a boiling steel with 235 MPa yield strength. Low-carbon grades like Q195 and Q235 are used in construction and general machinery due to their good weldability and formability. Higher grades like Q255 and Q275 are used for more demanding applications such as gears and connecting rods. |
3 | High-Quality Structural Steel | This steel guarantees both chemical composition and mechanical properties. Its grade is represented by two digits indicating average carbon content (e.g., 45 = 0.45%). Used mainly for machine parts, it undergoes heat treatment to enhance performance. Low-carbon grades like 08 and 10 are suitable for cold-formed parts, while medium-carbon grades like 40 and 45 are used for shafts. High-carbon grades like 55 and 60 are ideal for springs. |
4 | Carbon Tool Steel | A high-carbon steel (0.65–1.35%) without significant alloying elements. It offers high hardness and wear resistance after treatment, making it ideal for cutting tools, molds, and measuring instruments. However, it has poor red hardness and is prone to deformation when made into larger parts. |
5 | Free-Cutting Structural Steel | Designed to be brittle for easier machining, this steel contains added elements like sulfur, lead, and antimony. Sulfur forms manganese sulfide, which reduces chip adhesion and improves surface finish. It’s commonly used in automotive and industrial components. |
6 | Alloy Steel | Contains additional alloying elements like silicon, manganese, chromium, and vanadium. These improve strength, toughness, and corrosion resistance. Alloy steels are divided into categories such as structural, spring, bearing, and stainless steels. They are typically produced in electric furnaces and account for about 10% of total steel output. |
7 | Low-Alloy Steel | Contains small amounts of alloying elements (up to 3%) and offers improved strength, corrosion resistance, and toughness compared to carbon steel. It’s cost-effective and widely used in construction and engineering. |
8 | Engineering Alloy Steel | Used for structural components in buildings and infrastructure. Includes high-strength, rail, and pressure vessel steels. Though containing low alloy content, these steels are essential in large-scale projects. |
9 | Mechanical Alloy Steel | Designed for machine parts, it is often heat-treated to enhance mechanical properties. Includes quenched and tempered, carburized, and cold-forming steels. Grades vary based on composition, such as Mn, SiMn, Cr, and CrNiMo. |
10 | Alloy Structural Steel | Has lower carbon content than carbon structural steel (0.15–0.5%) and includes alloying elements like silicon, manganese, and molybdenum. It is easy to harden and used in automotive, marine, and heavy machinery parts. |
11 | Alloy Tool Steel | Medium- to high-carbon steel with alloying elements like chromium and tungsten. Ideal for complex tools and molds due to its resistance to deformation and cracking. Carbon content varies from 0.5% to 1.5%, depending on the application. |
12 | High-Speed Tool Steel | High-carbon, high-alloy steel with excellent red hardness. Used for cutting tools that operate at high speeds. Contains elements like tungsten and vanadium, enabling it to maintain hardness up to 500–600°C. |
13 | Spring Steel | Requires high tensile strength, elastic limit, and fatigue resistance. Carbon spring steel has 0.6–0.9% carbon, while alloy types like silicon-manganese steels have slightly lower carbon and higher silicon content. Newer grades include boron and niobium for enhanced performance. |
14 | Bearing Steel | Used for bearings requiring high hardness, wear resistance, and uniform microstructure. Typically high-carbon chromium steel with 1% carbon and 0.5–1.65% chromium. Categories include chromium-free, carburized, and anti-magnetic types. |
15 | Electrical Silicon Steel | Used in motors and transformers, available in low-silicon (1–2.5%) and high-silicon (3–4.5%) varieties. Low-silicon grades are for motors, while high-silicon ones are for transformers. Carbon content is ≤0.08%. |
16 | Rail Steel | Must withstand impact and pressure. Traditional rail steel has 0.6–0.8% carbon and higher manganese content. Modern low-alloy rails offer better wear and corrosion resistance. |
17 | Shipbuilding Steel | Requires good welding, strength, and corrosion resistance. Low-carbon grades were traditionally used, but modern low-alloy steels like 16Mn and 15MnV offer higher strength and better performance in harsh environments. |
18 | Bridge Steel | Must endure dynamic loads and fatigue. Alkaline open hearth and low-alloy steels like 16Mn are commonly used for their strength and surface quality. |
19 | Boiler Steel | Used in boilers and steam pipes, requiring good weldability and high-temperature strength. Low-carbon killed steel and low-alloy steels like 12Mn are typical choices. |
20 | Welding Rod Steel | Specifically designed for electrodes in arc and gas welding. Contains low sulfur and phosphorus (<0.03%) and is tested for chemical composition rather than mechanical properties. |
21 | Stainless Steel | Resists atmospheric and chemical corrosion. Classified into ferritic, martensitic, austenitic, duplex, and precipitation-hardened types. Chromium content >12% provides corrosion resistance. |
22 | Heat-Resistant Steel | Maintains oxidation resistance and strength at high temperatures. Includes anti-oxidation and heat-strength steels, used in turbine blades and furnace components. |
23 | Superalloy | Offers exceptional high-temperature strength and stability. Used in jet engines and power plants. Divided into nickel-based, iron-nickel-based, and cobalt-based types. |
24 | Precision Alloy | Special alloys with unique physical properties for electronics, instrumentation, and control systems. Includes soft magnetic, elastic, resistive, and thermocouple alloys. Most are based on ferrous metals. |
Note: "c", "s", "Mn", and "P" represent the mass fraction of carbon, sulfur, manganese, and phosphorus, respectively.
Source: http://news.chinawj.com.cn Editor: Hardware Business Network Information Center http://news.chinawj.com.cn
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