Rails are constantly exposed to heavy pressure and impact from trains, which means they must have high strength, hardness, and some degree of toughness. The most commonly used rail steel is a carbon-killed steel produced in open hearth furnaces or converters, with a carbon content ranging between 0.6% and 0.8%. This places it in the category of medium-carbon or high-carbon steels. However, these rails also contain a relatively high manganese content, typically between 0.6% and 1.1%, which contributes to their overall durability and performance.
In recent years, there has been a growing shift toward using ordinary low-alloy steel for rail production. These include high-silicon rails, medium-manganese rails, copper-containing rails, and titanium-containing rails. Compared to traditional carbon steel rails, low-alloy steel rails offer better resistance to wear and corrosion, significantly extending their service life. Additionally, they provide improved mechanical properties, making them more suitable for modern railway systems that require higher load capacities and longer-lasting infrastructure.
The development of these advanced rail materials reflects ongoing efforts in the railway industry to enhance safety, reduce maintenance costs, and improve the efficiency of rail transport. As technology continues to evolve, new alloys and manufacturing techniques are likely to further optimize rail performance and sustainability.
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