[Fire Learning] Fire Reconnaissance and Rescue

In order to promptly and effectively adopt fire extinguishing measures in firefighting operations, the firefighting force strives to extinguish the fire as quickly as possible, reduce the fire damage and actively save lives. In the specific implementation of firefighting operations, reconnaissance operations must be carried out on the fire site in order to understand the situation of the fire.

I. Purpose, content and role of fire reconnaissance

“The correct deployment of the commander comes from the correct determination, the correct determination comes from the correct judgment, the correct judgment comes from the thoughtful and necessary reconnaissance, and the contemplation of various reconnaissance materials.”

In the field of fire, whether or not the fire can be effectively saved depends mainly on whether or not the battle is carried out correctly. The correctness of the battle is, first and foremost, dependent on whether or not there is a thorough fire reconnaissance. When fighting a fire, in order to achieve the desired effect, it is only through fire reconnaissance that the actual situation of the fire is known, and the fire situation discovered by the reconnaissance will be rectified, and the truth will be removed, and thus the other person will be able to think through the connection between the table and the inside. Form correct judgments, make correct determinations, and make correct deployments.

Fire reconnaissance refers to a task that the fire brigade takes to fully understand the situation after reaching the fire. Like the two identical trees, the situation at the scene of the fire is also very different. It depends on the so-called experience to hurry to deal with every fire. It is often necessary to take fire-fighting actions blindly without knowing the actual situation on the scene. , Or cause casualties or increase fire damage, or cause passive fire fighting actions.

(a) The purpose and role of fire reconnaissance

Understand the basic conditions of the fire scene, provide the basis for the site commander to take fire-fighting actions and formulate the fire-fighting plan; provide reference for the rear dispatching command center to implement reasonable dispatch. Uninterrupted reconnaissance operations can provide up-to-date information for on-site commanders and take appropriate fire-fighting actions.

(II) Contents and methods of fire reconnaissance

1 , the site of the fire, the nature of the burning material, the scope of the fire, the spread of the fire route and the direction of development. In order to take effective measures to deploy the superior forces in the decisive fire main aspects.

2. Whether someone is threatened by fire, find out the number of trapped people, their location (which may be dynamic, and the person who is trapped as the case may be), the rescue route, determine the rescue method, required equipment, and protective measures.

3 , whether there is explosion and toxic substances, if this substance, it is necessary to find out its quantity, storage form, degree of danger, to propose measures to prevent explosions and poisoning, and to find out whether there is live electrical equipment.

4. The value of precious materials, the quantity of equipment, the form of placement, and the degree of threat of fire threatened by the fire need protection and evacuation.

5. The structural form, structural characteristics, fire resistance rating of a fire building, its distance from adjacent buildings, the degree of threat of combustible materials exposed to fire, the location and number of entrances and exits of houses, and whether buildings in major areas of the fire site are in danger of collapse. Demolition site.

The basic method of fire reconnaissance:

( 1 ) External reconnaissance ----- Intuitive and experienced. (Note that trapped people use light, sound, throwing things, etc. for help)

( 2 ) Internal reconnaissance ----- dispatched a reconnaissance team to conduct in-depth reconnaissance within the disaster area.

( 3 ) Ask the insider ---- to the parties, eyewitnesses, and alarmists to understand the disaster situation.

The situation of modern disasters is complex. In the process of reconnaissance, we must use as many modern scientific instruments as possible, wear reliable protective equipment, and be close to the disaster site, and strive to be correct and fast.

(III) Precautions in fire reconnaissance operations

The reconnaissance operations must be organized closely. The dispatched reconnaissance team should be able to control personnel and time, and have follow-up reconnaissance and rescue forces. The commander must keep track of the entire process of the reconnaissance operations, and must clearly explain to the other commanders the situation of the reconnaissance team.

During the entire reconnaissance process, we must always pay attention to our own safety, prevent electric shocks, fall, and get lost, and correctly estimate the working time of protective equipment. Keep in mind the mark of the access channel or the correct setting mark.

Ask the informant to analyze it carefully (can't believe it or not). Some outsiders, nannies, and mentally handicapped persons are affected by factors such as frightened and language differences in their ability to express and cannot provide the correct situation or even intentionally provide wrong circumstances.

Fire reconnaissance should run through the entire fire fighting process.

Investigators must keep in mind the reconnaissance situation in preparation for preparing the fire for investigators to provide first-hand information.

Second, how to implement effective rescue operations

(I) The places where the victims and trapped persons mainly appear

1 , Fire place

There are mainly elderly people and children who are inconvenient for mobility, people who are asleep at the time of the fire, and people who have escaped from the road after being cut off by the fire. These people generally do not stay where they were originally. The search is mainly on the beds, in the bathroom, in the kitchen, on the balcony, etc.

There may be victims in smoke-filled rooms, bathrooms, behind the door, under the bed, in the kitchen, on the balcony, and so on.

2. The place where the building collapsed, including the burning of the collapsed material

Due to the suddenness and momentary destruction of buildings collapsed, people were unable to escape. These trapped people generally have sudden and accidental movements. When searching, the focus is on the beds, the sofas, and the bathrooms that the staff may often arrive at.

3 , places where traffic accidents occur

Severe damage to the transport means that people are squeezed and cannot escape on their own. Some vehicles rushed into the river, the body turned over, and people sometimes overlapped. For vehicles rushing into the river, they should be lifted as soon as possible to prevent drowning. The medical personnel should intervene as soon as possible to stop bleeding and rehydration for the trapped persons.

4. Poisoning, landslides and drowning during construction

Sewer tanks are poisoned by harmful gases such as hydrogen sulfide; when landslides are buried above the chest, the lives of buried personnel are very dangerous.

5 , shock, drop

Fallen personnel from high-rises are hanging on wires, drying racks, and branches.

6 , want to find short-term, light-hearted disturbance

In daily life, people cannot properly handle the contradictions caused by work or life issues among colleagues, superiors and inferiors, and husbands and wives, and they may go to extremes in order to seek short-term views or to narrow things down. Leaders or others reach personal goals. In order to achieve “effectiveness”, such people will stand on high-rise buildings, bridge structures, and even some landmark buildings, causing numerous bad social impacts and many difficulties for fire rescue operations.

(B), rescue methods:

When carrying out rescue operations, corresponding rescue measures should also be taken according to the actual situation on the site.

1. Resident Fire - Residents' homes usually have multiple windows or even several rooms. Firefighters should be able to attack and release fires and rescue people. They cannot use all windows and doors as fire-fighting offensive channels. A large number of water guns cover all of them. Windows and doors are not conducive to saving people. To select targets, open up channels, and focus on search and rescue; save people and extinguish fires, and keep abreast of both.

2 , entertainment venues - more staff, more light decoration materials, burning more smoke, the most likely to cause suffocation, as the case of demolition, to strengthen ventilation and smoke; Accor private room, easy to bury buried, the easiest In the event of death, we must comprehensively find out the key to clean up.

3 , underground buildings - smoke exhaust to help save people. Not all the holes underground construction are used to fight fire attack, causing a lot of smoke and heat gathered in the underground space is not conducive to the smooth progress of rescue and fire fighting operations; respirator when entering the underground construction equipment should carry; lighting liaison to synchronize Follow-up; if necessary, ask the owner to show the floor plan and master the underground building distribution.

4 , factory floor - to fully search for access to the exit, the vicinity of the machine, and other easily concealed places. Tip: When searching for victims due to explosions, fires, and other accidents or searching for unformed victims, be aware that some victims are difficult to distinguish from other objects for a while. (Some foams, plastics, etc. are difficult to distinguish from those that have been burned or damaged.)

5 , the engine room - large ships generally have escape holes, can be used as the preferred channel; chimney door and side corridor side doors should be opened at the right time, ventilation and smoke, reduce smoke and heat, increase visibility; search trapped people, step Platforms, centralized control rooms and doors are the key targets. If necessary, a hole can be cut in the appropriate part of the hull to open up a rescue passage.

6. Buildings collapsed, buried under pressure – probed with equipment to find the position of trapped people; some areas have used fire search dogs to search trapped people; large-scale building collapses can use large objects for mechanical operations to speed up rescues Speed; When rescue personnel buried by soft concrete can use water guns to release concrete to prevent concrete from setting. Play the role of special service rescue tools. Modern special service tools can cut and cut vehicles, anti-theft doors and windows, and can lift heavy objects such as floors and vehicles. Life detectors can detect trapped people buried under floors and other objects.

7. Personnel on construction (buildings) building should be suspicious - you can use sound to hit the west to disperse the attention of the personnel who are on the ground; break into the door and force rescue; apply air cushions, and use ascending vehicles as appropriate.

(III) Precautions in the implementation of rescue operations:

The fire scene must correctly handle the relationship between saving people and fighting fires. When someone is threatened by fire, they should first rescue the personnel and take appropriate fire-fighting measures. When it is difficult to lift the threat to personnel without controlling the fire, it is necessary to concentrate on controlling the fire, eliminating dangerous situations and creating conditions for the rescue of human lives.

Specific to do:

1 , to make a determination to form a fast, fast equipment, rescue, and quick medical rescue.

When the people on the scene of the fire are determined to be trapped after questioning, reconnaissance, etc., the safety exits of buildings (structures), evacuation stairs, fire lifts, doors and windows, refuge floors, lift lifts, fire ladders, and everything else that can be used should be fully utilized. Lifesaving channel for rescue.

In the implementation of the rescue process, it is necessary to continuously use propaganda, light signals, and play “Do not jump” to stabilize the sentiment of the rescued person and prevent crushing, stepping injury, or jumping out of the building.

When entering the burning area to rescue trapped people, water guns should be placed on the shelter. Rescue workers should carefully search all parts to ensure that one does not leak.

Persons injured and likely to be killed should take active measures to dispose of them. For faster handling of those killed, to cover serious, tied firmly to prevent slipping during transportation, causing confusion in the scene;,

2. In the event of a rescued person seeking help, but there is difficulty in solving the problem within a short period of time, it is necessary to scream to comfort and stabilize the emotion and must not ignore it; when a trapped person is discovered , if the trapped person is buried and in serious condition, there is In the case of faint sounds, rescue workers should continue to speak to them while they are being rescued. They must be bold and must not be allowed to “sleep”.

3 , to save the people to protect the rescued workers   Work, be trapped in the dark for a long time, to cover their eyes, prevent the outside light from irritating their eyes, and avoid tools or other objects to hurt trapped persons;

4. It is not allowed to easily identify those who have been rescued. They must be sent to the hospital for treatment. In particular, when the rescued person or the firefighter himself receives electric shock, poisoning, suffocation or other injuries, he must also perform first-aid measures such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation and carry out on-site first aid; Some of the wounded who breathed and breathed and stopped breathing were taken to the hospital. After the doctor opened the trachea to rescue them, they were expected to survive.

5. It is necessary to strengthen its own security protection and prevent injuries from being rescued.

6 , rescue personnel to enter the smoke-filled areas, underground space, ship cabins and other places to save people must wear an air respirator to carry a flashlight and other tools, only good self-protection, to reflect the rescue force. Specifically in the implementation of the rescue process, it may be necessary to use some special rescue tools for cutting and breaking, and to prevent spatters and falling objects from injuring personnel present.

7, all rescue workers throughout the rescue operation must all actions obey orders must not be without action. In the rescue operation, some building parts are sometimes demolished, which may cause some slumps. If any person not possessed by the commander moves into a dangerous area without permission, it may injure rescue workers themselves.

(4) Factors influencing normal operations of firefighters in firefighting and rescue operations

Internal factors: experience, professional quality, and equipment utilization.

External factors: auditory, visual, olfactory, and other personnel.

In fact, the fire scene and various rescue and rescue situations are ever-changing. As fire and rescue personnel, especially fire commanders, only according to the objective conditions at the scene, assess the situation, and effectively and reasonably use all kinds of equipment and means, can the rescue operation achieve more with less. The effect is to minimize the number of casualties.

The information in this article comes from the Internet and was reorganized and edited by China Rescue Equipment Network.