During the charring process of wood, lignin undergoes structural condensation through pyrolysis, transforming into a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) structure. Some carbon precursor materials, when preheated at 600°C, can be categorized into two types: those that are easy to graphitize and those that are not, depending on the original material and the temperature applied during heat treatment. Charcoal is a dark brown or black porous solid fuel that results from the incomplete combustion or pyrolysis of wood or woody materials under air-insulated conditions. When activated using gas activation methods, the aliphatic and post-aromatic carbon lattices within the charcoal begin to burn away as the weight loss increases. This loss occurs more rapidly in the crystallite direction than in the diameter direction, leading to an increase in the average statistical thickness of the crystallites. As the crystallites become more refined and transition into active microcrystals, the number of micropores and mesopores gradually expands, significantly enhancing the adsorption capacity of the material.
The primary components of wood include cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Researchers in Japan, such as Kuriyama Asahi, have studied the pyrolysis behavior of cellulose, lignin, and wood. Their findings suggest that cellulose, similar to hemicellulose, undergoes dehydration to form a ketol-type intergranular glycosylation structure, which then further oxidizes and decomposes into an aromatic structure.
Activation is a crucial step in producing activated carbon, as it enhances the porous structure of the material. The carbonized material serves as a semi-finished product, which is then activated to create various types of activated carbon products suitable for different applications.
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