How to protect radioactive material

According to a recent report by the National Radiation Protection Commission, in 2006, Americans received nearly five times more ionizing radiation per capita from medical imaging than in 1998. This significant increase has raised concerns about the potential long-term health risks associated with radiological procedures. The study highlights that while these imaging techniques are essential for diagnosis, their side effects should not be overlooked.

Classification of Radioactive Materials:

Radioactive materials can be categorized in several ways. First, based on their physical form, they can be solid, liquid, powder, granular, or gaseous. Second, they can be classified according to the type of radiation they emit—such as alpha (α), beta (β), gamma (γ) rays, or neutron emissions. Third, they can be divided into naturally occurring radionuclides and those produced artificially. Fourth, toxicity levels classify them as extremely toxic, highly toxic, toxic, or low-toxicity. Lastly, they are grouped based on storage and handling requirements: Class I radionuclides, Class II radioactive chemical reagents, Class III radioactive mineral sands, and other items coated with radioactive luminescent agents.

Radioactive materials pose serious risks due to their potential to cause widespread contamination. Proper disposal requires advanced technology and strict protocols. During use, storage, transport, maintenance, and decommissioning, there is always a risk of leaks, often unnoticed by individuals. These materials can spread through contaminated air and water, making their management extremely complex. Specialized training is required for detection, control, personal protection, and emergency response. Below are some key protective measures against radioactive exposure:

Time Protection

The longer one is exposed to radiation, the greater the risk. Therefore, minimizing exposure time is crucial. Operators should be well-prepared before any procedure, ensuring efficiency and speed. Rotating personnel during operations can also help reduce cumulative exposure and prevent high-dose radiation incidents.

Distance Protection

Increasing the distance between a person and the radiation source reduces the intensity of exposure. This method is widely used in daily operations, especially when using mechanical tools to keep a safe distance from radioactive sources. However, this approach is not effective for neutron radiation, which requires different protective strategies.

Shielding Protection

While reducing time and increasing distance can lower radiation exposure, they are not always practical in all situations. To ensure safety during operations, shielding materials such as lead or concrete can be placed between the radiation source and the operator. These materials absorb or block harmful radiation, significantly reducing its impact on the human body.

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